(a) Measure the intake air flow using the engine's mass air flow sensor. If the engine is not equipped with a mass air flow sensor, you need to install one.
(b) The sensor design must have an accuracy and precision of ±5 percent under steady-state laboratory conditions.
(c) The sensor must reach at least 90 percent of its final response within 0.3 seconds after any step change to the flow rate greater than or equal 80 percent of full scale.
(d) Calibrate the sensor according to good engineering practice. Verify for
each engine before testing that the sensor accurately reads the idle intake air
flow rate based on measured manifold temperature (T Intake air flow = (displacement)(rpm)(volumetric efficiency)(P