[Code of Federal Regulations]
[Title 29, Volume 5]
[Revised as of January 1, 2007]
From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access
[CITE: 29CFR1910.265]
[Page 722-734]
TITLE 29--LABOR
CHAPTER XVII--OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT
OF LABOR
PART 1910_OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH STANDARDS--Table of Contents
Subpart R_Special Industries
Sec. 1910.265 Sawmills.
(a) General requirements--Application. This section includes safety
requirements for sawmill operations including, but not limited to, log
and lumber handling, sawing, trimming, and planing; waste disposal;
operation of dry kilns; finishing; shipping; storage; yard and yard
equipment; and for power tools and affiliated equipment used in
connection with such operations, but excluding the manufacture of
plywood, cooperage, and veneer.
(b) Definitions applicable to this section--(1) A-frame. The term A-
frame means a structure made of two independent columns fastened
together at the top and separated at the bottom for stability.
(2) Annealing. The term annealing means heating then cooling to
soften and render less brittle.
(3) Binder. The term binder means a chain, cable, rope, or other
approved material used for binding loads.
(4) Boom. The term boom means logs or timbers fastened together end
to end and used to contain floating logs. The term includes enclosed
logs.
(5) Brow log. The term brow log means a log placed parallel to a
roadway at a landing or dump to protect vehicles while loading or
unloading.
(6) Bunk. The term bunk means a cross support for a load.
(7) Cant. The term cant means a log slabbed on one or more sides.
(8) Carriage (log carriage). The term carriage means a framework
mounted on wheels which runs on tracks or in grooves in a direction
parallel to the face of the saw, and which contains apparatus to hold a
log securely and advance it towards the saw.
(9) Carrier. The term carrier means an industrial truck so designed
and constructed that it straddles the load to be transported with
mechanisms to pick up the load and support it during transportation.
(10) Chipper. The term chipper means a machine which cuts material
into chips.
(11) Chock (bunk block) (cheese block). The terms chock, bunk block,
and cheese block mean a wedge that prevents logs or loads from moving.
(12) Cold deck. The term cold deck means a pile of logs stored for
future removal.
(13) Crotch lines. The term crotch lines means two short lines
attached to a hoisting line by a ring or shackle, the lower ends being
attached to loading hooks.
(14) Dog (carriage dog). The term dog means a steel tooth, one or
more of which are attached to each carriage knee to hold log firmly in
place on carriage.
(15) Drag saw. The term drag saw means a power-driven, reciprocating
crosscut saw mounted on suitable frame and used for bucking logs.
(16) Head block. The term head block means that part of a carriage
which holds the log and upon which it rests. It generally consists of
base, knee, taper set, and mechanism.
(17) Head rig. The term head rig means a combination of head saw and
log carriage used for the initial breakdown of logs into timbers, cants,
and boards.
(18) Hog. The term hog means a machine for cutting or grinding slabs
and other coarse residue from the mill.
(19) Husk. The term husk means a head saw framework on a circular
mill.
(20) Industrial truck. The term industrial truck means a mobile
powerdriven truck or tractor.
(21) Kiln tender. The term kiln tender means the operator of a kiln.
[[Page 723]]
(22) Lift truck. The term lift truck means an industrial truck used
for lateral transportation and equipped with a power-operated lifting
device, usually in the form of forks, for piling or unpiling lumber
units or packages.
(23) Live rolls. The term live rolls means cylinders of wood or
metal mounted on horizontal axes and rotated by power, which are used to
convey slabs, lumber, and other wood products.
(24) Loading boom. The term loading boom means any structure
projecting from a pivot point to guide a log when lifted.
(25) Log deck. The term Log deck means a platform in the sawmill on
which the logs remain until needed for sawing.
(26) Lumber hauling truck. The term lumber hauling truck means an
industrial truck, other than a lift truck or a carrier, used for the
transport of lumber.
(27) Log haul. The term log haul means a conveyor for transferring
logs to mill.
(28) Package. The term package means a unit of lumber.
(29) Peavy. The term peavy means a stout wooden handle fitted with a
spike and hook and used for rolling logs.
(30) Pike pole. The term pike pole means a long pole whose end is
shod with a sharp pointed spike.
(31) Pitman rod. The term pitman rod means connecting rod.
(32) Resaw. The term resaw means band, circular, or sash gang saws
used to break down slabs, cants, or flitches into lumber.
(33) Running line. The term running line means any moving rope as
distinguished from a stationary rope such as a guyline.
(34) Safety factor. The term safety factor means a calculated
reduction factor which may be applied to laboratory test values to
obtain safe working stresses for wooden beams and other mechanical
members; ratio of breaking load to safe load.
(35) Saw guide. The term saw guide means a device for steadying a
circular or bandsaw.
(36) Setwork. The term setwork means a mechanism on a sawmill
carriage which enables an operator to move the log into position for
another cut.
(37) Sorting gaps. The term sorting gaps means the areas on a log
pond enclosed by boom sticks into which logs are sorted.
(38) Spreader wheel. The term spreader wheel means a metal wheel
that separates the board from the log in back of circular saws to
prevent binding.
(39) Splitter. The term splitter means a knife-type, nonrotating
spreader.
(40) Sticker. The term sticker means a strip of wood or other
material used to separate layers of lumber.
(41) Stiff boom. The term stiff boom means the anchored, stationary
boom sticks which are tied together and on which boom men work.
(42) Swifter. The term swifter is a means of tying boom sticks
together to prevent them from spreading while being towed.
(43) Telltale. The term telltale means a device used to serve as a
warning for overhead objects.
(44) Top saw. The term top saw means the upper of two circular saws
on a head rig, both being on the same husk.
(45) Tramway. The term tramway means a way for trams, usually
consisting of parallel tracks laid on wooden beams.
(46) Trestle. The term trestle means a braced framework of timbers,
piles or steelwork for carrying a road or railroad over a depression.
(c) Building facilities, and isolated equipment--(1) Safety factor.
All buildings, docks, tramways, walkways, log dumps, and other
structures shall be designed, constructed and maintained so as to
support the imposed load in accordance with a safety factor.
(2) Work areas. Work areas under mills shall be as evenly surfaced
as local conditions permit. They shall be free from unnecessary
obstructions and provided with lighting facilities in accordance with
American National Standard for Industrial Lighting A11.1--1965, which is
incorporated by reference as specified in Sec. 1910.6.
(3) Floors. Flooring in buildings and on ramps and walkways shall be
constructed and installed in accordance with established principles of
mechanics and sound engineering practices. They shall be of adequate
strength to
[[Page 724]]
support the estimated or actual dead and live loads acting on them with
the resultant stress not exceeding the allowable stress for the material
being used.
(i) [Reserved]
(ii) Areas beneath floor openings. Areas under floor openings shall,
where practical, be fenced off. When this is not practical, they shall
be plainly marked and telltales shall be installed to hang over these
areas.
(iii) Floor maintenance. The flooring of buildings, docks, and
passageways shall be kept in good repair. When a hazardous condition
develops that cannot be immediately repaired, the area shall be guarded
until adequate repairs are made.
(iv) Nonslip floors. Floors, footwalks, and passageways in the work
area around machines or other places where a person is required to stand
or walk shall be provided with effective means to minimize slipping.
(4) Walkways, docks, and platforms--(i) Width. Walkways, docks, and
platforms shall be of sufficient width to provide adequate passage and
working areas.
(ii) Maintenance. Walkways shall be evenly floored and kept in good
repair.
(iii) Docks. Docks and runways used for the operation of lift trucks
and other vehicles shall have a substantial guard or shear timber except
where loading and unloading are being performed.
(iv) Elevated walks. All elevated walks, runways, or platforms, if 4
feet or more from the floor level, shall be provided with a standard
railing except on loading or unloading sides of platforms. If height
exceeds 6 feet, a standard toe board also shall be provided to prevent
material from rolling or falling off.
(v) Elevated platforms. Where elevated platforms are used routinely
on a daily basis they shall be equipped with stairways or fixed ladders
in accordance with Sec. 1910.27.
(vi) Hazardous locations. Where required, walkways and stairways
with standard handrails shall be provided in elevated and hazardous
locations. Where such passageways are over walkways or work areas,
standard toe boards shall be provided.
(5) Stairways--(i) Construction. Stairways shall be constructed in
accordance with Sec. 1910.24.
(ii) Handrails. Stairways shall be provided with a standard handrail
on at least one side or on any open side. Where stairs are more than
four feet wide there shall be a standard handrail at each side, and
where more than eight feet wide, a third standard handrail shall be
erected in the center of the stairway.
(iii) Lighting. All stairways shall be adequately lighted as
prescribed in paragraph (c)(9) of this section.
(6) Emergency exits including doors and fire escapes--(i) Opening.
Doors shall not open directly on or block a flight of stairs, and shall
swing in the direction of exit travel.
(ii) Identification. Exits shall be located and identified in a
manner that affords ready exit from all work areas.
(iii) Swinging doors. All swinging doors shall be provided with
windows; with one window for each section of double swinging doors. Such
windows shall be of shatterproof or safety glass unless otherwise
protected against breakage.
(iv) Sliding doors. Where sliding doors are used as exits, an inner
door shall be cut inside each of the main doors and arranged to open
outward.
(v) Barriers and warning signs. Where a doorway opens upon a
railroad track or upon a tramway or dock over which vehicles travel, a
barrier or other warning device shall be placed to prevent workmen from
stepping into moving traffic.
(7) Air requirements. Ventilation shall be provided to supply
adequate fresh healthful air to rooms, buildings, and work areas.
(8) Vats and tanks. All open vats and tanks into which workmen could
fall shall be guarded.
(9) Lighting--(i) Adequacy. Illumination shall be provided and
designed to supply adequate general and local lighting to rooms,
buildings, and work areas during the time of use.
(ii) Effectiveness. Factors upon which the adequacy and
effectiveness of illumination will be judged, include the following:
[[Page 725]]
(a) The quantity of light in foot-candle intensity shall be
sufficient for the work being done.
(b) The quality of the light shall be such that it is free from
glare, and has correct direction, diffusion, and distribution.
(c) Shadows and extreme contrasts shall be avoided or kept to a
minimum.
(10) [Reserved]
(11) Hazard marking. Physical hazard marking shall be as specified
in Sec. 1910.144 of this part.
(12) [Reserved]
(13) Hydraulic systems. Means shall be provided to block, chain, or
otherwise secure equipment normally supported by hydraulic pressure so
as to provide for safe maintenance.
(14) [Reserved]
(15) Gas piping and appliances. All gas piping and appliances shall
be installed in accordance with the American National Standard
Requirements for the Installation of Gas Appliances and Gas Piping
Z21.30--1964, which is incorporated by reference as specified in Sec.
1910.6.
(16)-(17) [Reserved]
(18) Conveyors--(i) Standards. Construction, operation, and
maintenance of conveyors shall be in accordance with American National
Standard B20.1--1957, which is incorporated by reference as specified in
Sec. 1910.6.
(ii) Guarding. Spiked live rolls shall be guarded.
(19) Stationary tramways and trestles--(i) Foundations and walkways.
Tramways and trestles shall have substantial mud sills or foundations
which shall be frequently inspected and kept in repair. When vehicles
are operated on tramways and trestles which are used for foot passage,
traffic shall be controlled or a walkway with standard handrails at the
outer edge and shear timber on the inner edge shall be provided. This
walkway shall be wide enough to allow adequate clearance to vehicles.
When walkways cross over other thoroughfares, they shall be solidly
fenced at the outer edge to a height of 42 inches over such
thoroughfares.
(ii) Clearance. Stationary tramways and trestles shall have a
vertical clearance of 22 feet over railroad rails. When constructed over
carrier docks or roads, they shall have a clearance of 6 feet above the
driver's foot rest on the carrier, and in no event shall this clearance
be less than 12 feet from the roadway. In existing operations where it
is impractical to obtain such clearance, telltales, electric signals,
signs or other precautionary measures shall be installed.
(20) Blower, collecting, and exhaust systems--(i) Design,
construction, and maintenance. Blower collecting, and exhaust systems
should be designed, constructed, and maintained in accordance with
American National Standards Z33.1--1961 (For the Installation of Blower
and Exhaust Systems for Dust, Stock, and Vapor Removal or Conveying) and
Z12.2--1962 (R1969) (Code for the Prevention of Dust Explosion in
Woodworking and Wood Flour Manufacturing Plants), which are incorporated
by reference as specified in Sec. 1910.6.
(ii) Collecting systems. All mills containing one or more machines
that create dust, shavings, chips, or slivers during a period of time
equal to or greater than one-fourth of the working day, shall be
equipped with a collecting system. It may be either continuous or
automatic, and shall be of sufficient strength and capacity to enable it
to remove such refuse from points of operation and immediate vicinities
of machines and work areas.
(iii) Exhaust or conveyor systems. Each woodworking machine that
creates dust, shavings, chips, or slivers shall be equipped with an
exhaust or conveyor system located and adjusted to remove the maximum
amount of refuse from the point of operation and immediate vicinity.
(iv) [Reserved]
(v) Dust chambers. Exhaust pipes shall not discharge into an
unconfined outside pile if uncontrolled fire or explosion hazards are
created. They may empty into settling or dust chambers, designed to
prevent the dust or refuse from entering any work area. Such chambers
shall be constructed and operated to minimize the danger of fire or dust
explosion.
(vi) Hand removal of refuse. Provision for the daily removal of
refuse shall be made in all operations not required to have an exhaust
system or having
[[Page 726]]
refuse too heavy, bulky, or otherwise unsuitable to be handled by the
exhaust system.
(21) Chippers--(i) Whole-log chippers. The feed system to the
chipper shall be arranged so the operator does not stand in direct line
with the chipper spout (hopper). The chipper spout shall be enclosed to
a height of not less than 36 inches from the floor or the operator's
platform. A safety belt and lifeline shall be worn by workmen when
working at or near the spout unless the spout is guarded. The lifeline
shall be short enough to prevent workers from falling into the chipper.
(ii) Hogs. (a) Hog mills shall be so designed and arranged that from
no position on the rim of the chute shall the distance to the cutter
knives be less than 40 inches.
(b) Hog feed chutes shall be provided with suitable and approved
baffles, which shall minimize material from being thrown from the mill.
(c) Employees feeding hog mills shall be provided with safety belts
and lines unless guarded.
(22) [Reserved]
(23) Bins, bunkers, hoppers, and fuel houses--(i) Guarding. Open
bins, bunkers, and hoppers whose upper edges extend less than 3 feet
above working level shall be equipped with standard handrails and toe
boards, or have their tops covered by a substantial grill or grating
with openings small enough to prevent a man from falling through.
(ii) Use of wheeled equipment to load bins. Where automotive or
other wheeled equipment is used to move materials into bins, bunkers,
and hoppers, adequate guard rails shall be installed along each side of
the runway, and a substantial bumper stop provided when necessary.
(iii) Exits, lighting, and safety devices. Fuel houses and bins
shall have adequate exits and lighting, and all necessary safety devices
shall be provided and shall be used by persons entering these
structures.
(iv) Walkways. Where needed, fuel houses and bins shall have a
standard railed platform or walkway near the top.
(24) Ropes, cables, slings, and chains--(i) Safe usage. Ropes,
cables, slings, and chains shall be used in accordance with safe use
practices recommended by the manufacturer or within safe limits
recommended by the equipment manufacturer when used in conjunction with
it.
(ii) Hooks. No open hook shall be used in rigging to lift any load
where there is hazard from relieving the tension on the hook from the
load or hook catching or fouling.
(iii) Work by qualified persons. Installation, inspection,
maintenance, repair, and testing of ropes, cables, slings, and chains
shall be done only by persons qualified to do such work.
(iv) Slings. Proper storage shall be provided for slings while not
in use.
(v) Ropes or cables. (a) Wire rope or cable shall be inspected when
installed and once each week thereafter, when in use. It shall be
removed from hoisting or load-carrying service when kinked or when one
of the following conditions exists:
(1) When three broken wires are found in one lay of 6 by 6 wire
rope.
(2) When six broken wires are found in one lay of 6 by 19 wire rope.
(3) When nine broken wires are found in one lay of 6 by 37 wire
rope.
(4) When eight broken wires are found in one lay of 8 by 19 wire
rope.
(5) When marked corrosion appears.
(6) Wire rope of a type not described herein shall be removed from
service when 4 percent of the total number of wires composing such rope
are found to be broken in one lay.
(b) Wire rope removed from service due to defects shall be plainly
marked or identified as being unfit for further use on cranes, hoists,
and other load-carrying devices.
(c) The ratio between the rope diameter and the drum, block, sheave,
or pulley tread diameter shall be such that the rope will adjust itself
to the bend without excessive wear, deformation, or injury. In no case
shall the safe value of drums, blocks, sheaves, or pulleys be reduced
when replacing such items unless compensating changes are made for rope
used and for safe loading limits.
(vi) Drums, sheaves, and pulleys. Drums, sheaves, and pulleys shall
be smooth and free from surface defects liable to injure rope. Drums,
sheaves, or pulleys having eccentric bores or
[[Page 727]]
cracked hubs, spokes, or flanges shall be removed from service.
(vii) Connections. Connections, fittings, fastenings, and other
parts used in connection with ropes and cables shall be of good quality
and of proper size and strength, and shall be installed in accordance
with the manufacturer's recommendations.
(viii) Socketing, splicing, and seizing. (a) Socketing, splicing,
and seizing of cables shall be performed only by qualified persons.
(b) All eye splices shall be made in an approved manner and wire
rope thimbles of proper size shall be fitted in the eye, except that in
slings the use of thimbles shall be optional.
(c) Wire rope clips attached with U-bolts shall have these bolts on
the dead or short end of the rope. The U-bolt nuts shall be retightened
immediately after initial load carrying use and at frequent intervals
thereafter.
(d) When a wedge socket-type fastening is used, the dead or short
end of the cable shall be clipped with a U-bolt or otherwise made secure
against loosening.
(e) Fittings. Hooks, shackles, rings, pad eyes, and other fittings
that show excessive wear or that have been bent, twisted, or otherwise
damaged shall be removed from service.
(f) Running lines. Running lines of hoisting equipment located
within 6 feet 6 inches of the ground or working level shall be boxed off
or otherwise guarded, or the operating area shall be restricted.
(g) Number of wraps on drum. There shall be not less than two full
wraps of hoisting cable on the drum of cranes and hoists at all times of
operation.
(h) Drum flanges. Drums shall have a flange at each end to prevent
the cable from slipping off.
(i) Sheave guards. Bottom sheaves shall be protected by close
fitting guards to prevent cable from jumping the sheave.
(j) Preventing abrasion. The reeving of a rope shall be so arranged
as to minimize chafing or abrading while in use.
(ix) Chains. (a) Chains used in load carrying service shall be
inspected before initial use and weekly thereafter.
(b) Chain shall be normalized or annealed periodically as
recommended by the manufacturer.
(c) If at any time any 3-foot length of chain is found to have
stretched one-third the length of a link it shall be discarded.
(d) Bolts or nails shall not be placed between two links to shorten
or join chains.
(e) Broken chains shall not be spliced by inserting a bolt between
two links with the head of the bolt and nut sustaining the load, or by
passing one link through another and inserting a bolt or nail to hold
it.
(x) Fiber rope. (a) Frozen fiber rope shall not be used in load
carrying service.
(b) Fiber rope that has been subjected to acid or excessive heat
shall not be used for load carrying purposes.
(c) Fiber rope shall be protected from abrasion by padding where it
is fastened or drawn over square corners or sharp or rough surfaces.
(25) [Reserved]
(26) Mechanical stackers and unstackers.
(i) [Reserved]
(ii) Lumber lifting devices. Lumber lifting devices on all stackers
shall be designed and arranged so as to minimize the possibility of
lumber falling from such devices.
(iii) Blocking hoisting platform. Means shall be provided to
positively block the hoisting platform when employees must go beneath
the stacker or unstacker hoist.
(iv) Identifying controls. Every manually operated control switch
shall be properly identified and so located as to be readily accessible
to the operator.
(v) Locking main control switches. Main control switches shall be so
designed that they can be locked in the open position.
(vi) Guarding side openings. The hoistway side openings at the top
level of the stacker and unstacker shall be protected by enclosures of
standard railings.
(vii) Guarding hoistway openings. When the hoist platform or top of
the load is below the working platform, the hoistway openings shall be
guarded.
(viii) Guarding lower landing area. The lower landing area of
stackers and
[[Page 728]]
unstackers shall be guarded by enclosures that prevent entrance to the
area or pit below the hoist platform. Entrances should be protected by
electrically interlocked gates which, when open, will disconnect the
power and set the hoist brakes. When the interlock is not installed,
other positive means of protecting the entrance shall be provided.
(ix) Inspection. Every stacker and unstacker shall be inspected at
frequent intervals and all defective parts shall be immediately repaired
or replaced.
(x) Cleaning pits. Safe means of entrance and exit shall be provided
to permit cleaning of pits.
(xi) Preventing entry to hazardous area. Where the return of trucks
from unstacker to stacker is by mechanical power or gravity, adequate
signs, warning devices, or barriers shall be erected to prevent entry
into the hazardous area.
(27) Lumber piling and storage--(i) Pile foundations. In stacking
units of lumber, pile foundations shall be designed and arranged to
support maximum loads without sinking, sagging, or permitting the piles
to topple. In unit package piles, substantial bolsters or unit
separators shall be placed between each package directly over the
stickers.
(ii) Stacking dissimilar unit packages. Long units of lumber shall
not be stacked upon shorter packages except where a stable pile can be
made with the use of package separators.
(iii) Unstable piles. Piles of lumber which have become unstable
shall be immediately made safe, or the area into which they might fall
shall be fenced or barricaded and employees prohibited from entering it.
(iv) Stickers. Unit packages of lumber shall be provided with
stickers as necessary to insure stability under ordinary operating
conditions.
(v) Sticker alignment. Stickers shall extend the full width of the
package, shall be uniformly spaced, and shall be aligned one above the
other. Stickers may be lapped with a minimum overlapping of 12 inches.
Stickers shall not protrude more than 2 inches beyond the sides of the
package.
(vi) Pile height. The height of unit package piles shall be
dependent on the dimensions of the packages and shall be such as to
provide stability under normal operating conditions. Adjacent lumber
piles may be tied together with separators to increase stability.
(28) Lumber loading. Loads shall be built and secured to insure
stability in transit.
(29) Burners--(i) Guying. If the burner stack is not self-
supporting, it shall be guyed or otherwise supported.
(ii) Runway. The conveyor runway to the burner shall be equipped
with a standard handrail. If the runway crosses a roadway or
thoroughfare, standard toe boards shall be provided in addition.
(30) Vehicles--(i) Scope. Vehicles shall include all mobile
equipment normally used in sawmill, planing mill, storage, shipping, and
yard operations.
(ii) Warning signals and spark arrestors. All vehicles shall be
equipped with audible warning signals and where practicable shall have
spark arrestors.
(iii) Lights. All vehicles operated in the dark or in poorly lighted
areas shall be equipped with head and tail lights.
(iv) Overhead guard. All vehicles operated in areas where overhead
hazards exist shall be equipped with an approved overhead guard. See
American National Standard Safety Code for Powered Industrial Trucks,
B56.1--1969, which is incorporated by reference as specified in Sec.
1910.6.
(v) Platform guard. Where the operator is exposed to hazard from
backing the vehicle into objects, an approved platform guard shall be
provided and so arranged as to not impede exit of driver from vehicle.
(vi) [Reserved]
(vii) Operation in buildings. Vehicles powered by internal
combustion engines shall not operate in buildings unless the buildings
are adequately ventilated.
(viii) Load limits. No vehicle shall be operated with loads
exceeding its safe load capacity.
(ix) Brakes. All vehicles shall be equipped with brakes capable of
holding and controlling the vehicle and capacity load upon any incline
or grade over which they may be operated.
[[Page 729]]
(x) [Reserved]
(xi) Carriers. (a) Carriers shall be so designed and constructed
that the operator's field of vision shall not be unnecessarily
restricted.
(b) Carriers shall be provided with an access ladder or equivalent.
(xii) Lumber hauling trucks. (a) On trucks where movement of load on
stopping would endanger the operator, a substantial bulkhead shall be
installed behind the operator's seat. This shall extend to the top of
the operator's compartment.
(b) Stakes, stake pockets, racks, tighteners, and binders shall
provide adequate means to secure the load against any movement during
transit.
(c) Where rollers are used, at least two shall be equipped with
locks which shall be locked when supporting loads during transit.
(31) Traffic control and flow--(i) Hazardous crossings. Railroad
tracks and other hazardous crossings shall be plainly posted.
(ii) Restricted overhead clearance. All areas of restricted side or
overhead clearance shall be plainly marked.
(iii) Pickup and unloading points. Pickup and unloading points and
paths for lumber packages on conveyors and transfers and other areas
where accurate spotting is required, shall be plainly marked and wheel
stops provided where necessary.
(iv) Aisles, passageways, and roadways. Aisles, passageways, and
roadways shall be sufficiently wide to provide safe side clearance. One-
way aisles may be used for two-way traffic if suitable turnouts are
provided.
(d) Log handling, sorting, and storage--(1) Log unloading methods,
equipment, and facilities--(i) Unloading methods. (a) Stakes and chocks
which trip shall be constructed in such manner that the tripping
mechanism that releases the stake or chocks is activated at the opposite
side of the load being tripped.
(b) Binders on logs shall not be released prior to securing with
unloading lines or other unloading device.
(c) Binders shall be released only from the side on which the
unloader operates, except when released by remote control devices or
except when person making release is protected by racks or stanchions or
other equivalent means.
(d) Loads on which a binder is fouled by the unloading machine shall
have an extra binder or metal band of equal strength placed around the
load, or the load shall be otherwise secured so the fouled binder can be
safely removed.
(ii) Unloading equipment and facilities. (a) Machines used for
hoisting, unloading, or lowering logs shall be equipped with brakes
capable of controlling or holding the maximum load in midair.
(b) The lifting cylinders of all hydraulically operated log handling
machines shall be equipped with a positive device for preventing the
uncontrolled lowering of the load or forks in case of a failure in the
hydraulic system.
(c) A limit switch shall be installed on powered log handling
machines to prevent the lift arms from traveling too far in the event
the control switch is not released in time.
(d) When forklift-type machines are used to load trailers, a means
of securing the loading attachment to the fork shall be installed and
used.
(e) A-frames and similar log unloading devices shall have adequate
height to provide safe clearance for swinging loads and to provide for
adequate crotch lines and spreader bar devices.
(f) Log handling machines used to stack logs or lift loads above
operator's head shall be equipped with adequate overhead protection.
(g) All mobile log handling machines shall be equipped with
headlights and backup lights.
(h) Unloading devices shall be equipped with a horn or other plainly
audible signaling device.
(i) Movement of unloading equipment shall be coordinated by audible
or hand signals when operator's vision is impaired or operating in the
vicinity of other employees.
(j) Wood pike poles shall be made of straight-grained, select
material. Metal or conductive pike poles shall not be used around
exposed energized electrical conductors. Defective, blunt, or dull pike
poles shall not be used.
(2) Log unloading and storage areas--(i) General. (a) Log dumps,
booms, ponds, or storage areas used at night shall be illuminated in
accordance with the requirements of American National
[[Page 730]]
Standard A11.1-1965 (R-1970) Standard Practice for Industrial Lighting,
which is incorporated by reference as specified in Sec. 1910.6.
(b) Log unloading areas shall be arranged and maintained to provide
a safe working area.
(c) Where skids are used, space adequate to clear a man's body shall
be maintained between the top of the skids and the ground.
(d) Signs prohibiting unauthorized foot or vehicle traffic in log
unloading and storage areas shall be posted.
(ii) Water log dumps. (a) Ungrounded electrically powered hoists
using handheld remote control in grounded locations, such as log dumps
or mill log lifts, shall be actuated by circuits operating at less than
50 volts to ground.
(b) Roadbeds at log dumps shall be of sufficient width and evenness
to insure safe operation of equipment.
(c) An adequate brow log or skid timbers or the equivalent shall be
provided where necessary. Railroad-type dumps, when located where logs
are dumped directly into water or where entire loads are lifted from
vehicle, may be exempted providing such practice does not create a
hazardous exposure of personnel or equipment.
(d) Unloading lines shall be arranged so that it is not necessary
for the employees to attach them from the pond or dump side of the load
except when entire loads are lifted from the log-transporting vehicle.
(e) Unloading lines, crotch lines, or equally effective means shall
be arranged and used in a manner to minimize the possibility of any log
from swinging or rolling back.
(f) When logs are unloaded with peavys or similar manual methods,
means shall be provided and used that will minimize the danger from
rolling or swinging logs.
(g) Guardrails, walkways, and standard handrails shall be installed
(h) Approved life rings (see: 46 CFR 160.099 and 46 CFR 160.050)
with line attached and maintained to retain buoyancy shall be provided.
(iii) Log booms and ponds. (a) Walkways and floats shall be
installed and securely anchored to provide adequate passageway for
employees.
(b) All regular boom sticks and foot logs shall be reasonably
straight, with no protruding knots and bark, and shall be capable of
supporting, above the water line at either end, the weight of an
employee and equipment.
(c) Permanent cable swifters shall be so arranged that it will not
be necessary to roll boom sticks in order to attach or detach them.
(d) Periodic inspection of cable or dogging lines shall be made to
determine when repair or removal from service is necessary.
(e) The banks of the log pond in the vicinity of the log haul shall
be reinforced to prevent caving in.
(f) Artificial log ponds shall be drained, cleaned, and refilled
when unhealthy stagnation or pollution occurs.
(g) Employees whose duties require them to work from boats, floating
logs, boom sticks, or walkways along or on water shall be provided with
and shall wear appropriate buoyant devices while performing such duties.
(h) Stiff booms shall be two float logs wide secured by boom chains
or other connecting devices, and of a width adequate for the working
needs. Walking surfaces shall be free of loose material and maintained
in good repair.
(i) Boom sticks shall be fastened together with adequate crossties
or couplings.
(j) Floating donkeys or other power-driven machinery used on booms
shall be placed on a raft or float with enough buoyancy to keep the deck
well above water.
(k) All sorting gaps shall have a substantial stiff boom on each
side.
(iv) Pond boats and rafts. The applicable provisions of the Standard
for Fire Protection for Motorcraft, NFPA No. 302--1968, which is
incorporated by reference as specified in Sec. 1910.6, shall be
complied with.
(a) Decks of pond boats shall be covered with nonslip material.
(b) Powered pond boats or rafts shall be provided with at least one
approved fire extinguisher, and one lifering with line attached.
(c) Boat fuel shall be transported and stored in approved safety
containers. Refer to Sec. 1910.155(c)(3) for definition of approved.
[[Page 731]]
(d) Inspection, maintenance, and ventilation of the bilge area shall
be provided to prevent accumulation of highly combustible materials.
(e) Adequate ventilation shall be provided for the cabin area on
enclosed cabin-type boats to prevent accumulation of harmful gases or
vapors.
(v) Dry deck storage. (a) Dry deck storage areas shall be kept
orderly and shall be maintained in a condition which is conducive to
safe operation of mobile equipment.
(b) Logs shall be stored in a safe and orderly manner, and roadways
and traffic lanes shall be maintained at a width adequate for safe
travel of log handling equipment.
(c) Logs shall be arranged to minimize the chance of accidentally
rolling from the deck.
(vi) Log hauls and slips. (a) Walkways along log hauls shall have a
standard handrail on the outer edge, and cleats or other means to assure
adequate footing and enable employees to walk clear of the log chute.
(b) Log haul bull chains or cable shall be designed, installed, and
maintained to provide adequate safety for the work need.
(c) Log haul gear and bull chain drive mechanism shall be guarded.
(d) Substantial troughs for the return strand of log haul chains
shall be provided over passageways.
(e) Log haul controls shall be located and identified to operate
from a position where the operator will, at all times, be in the clear
of logs, machinery, lines, and rigging. In operations where control is
by lever exposed to incoming logs, the lever shall be arranged to
operate the log haul only when moved toward the log slip or toward the
log pond.
(f) A positive stop shall be installed on all log hauls to prevent
logs from traveling too far ahead in the mill.
(g) Overhead protection shall be provided for employees working
below logs being moved to the log deck.
(h) Log wells shall be provided with safeguards to minimize the
possibility of logs rolling back into well from log deck.
(3) Log decks--(i) Access. Safe access to the head rig shall be
provided.
(ii) Stops. Log decks shall be provided with adequate stops, chains,
or other safeguards to prevent logs from rolling down the deck onto the
carriage or its runway.
(iii) Barricade. A barricade or other positive stop of sufficient
strength to stop any log shall be erected between the sawyer's stand and
the log deck.
(iv) Loose chains. Loose chains from overhead canting devices or
other equipment shall not be allowed to hang over the log deck in such
manner as to strike employees.
(v) Swing saws. Swing saws on log decks shall be equipped with a
barricade and stops for protection of employees who may be on the
opposite side of the log haul chute.
(vi) Drag saws. Where reciprocating log cutoff saws (drag saws) are
provided, they shall not project into walkway or aisle.
(vii) Circular cutoff saws. Circular log bucking or cutoff saws
shall be so located and guarded as to allow safe entrance to and exit
from the building.
(viii) Entrance doorway. Where the cutoff saw partially blocks the
entrance from the log haul runway, the entrance shall be guarded.
(4) Mechanical barkers--(i) Rotary barkers. Rotary barking devices
shall be so guarded as to protect employees from flying chips, bark, or
other extraneous material.
(ii) Elevating ramp. If an elevating ramp or gate is used, it shall
be provided with a safety chain, hook, or other means of suspension
while employees are underneath.
(iii) Area around barkers. The hazardous area around ring barkers
and their conveyors shall be fenced off or posted as a prohibited area
for unauthorized persons.
(iv) Enclosing hydraulic barkers. Hydraulic barkers shall be
enclosed with strong baffles at the inlet and outlet. The operator shall
be protected by adequate safety glass or equivalent.
(v) Holddown rolls. Holddown rolls shall be installed at the infeed
and outfeed sections of mechanical ring barkers to control the movement
of logs.
(e) Log breakdown and related machinery and facilities--(1) Log
carriages and
[[Page 732]]
carriage runways--(i) Bumpers. A substantial stop or bumper with
adequate shock-absorptive qualities shall be installed at each end of
the carriage runway.
(ii) Footing. Rider-type carriages shall be floored to provide
secure footing and a firm working platform for the block setter.
(iii) Sheave housing. Sheaves on rope-driven carriages shall be
guarded at floor line with substantial housings.
(iv) Carriage control. A positive means shall be provided to prevent
unintended movement of the carriage. This may involve a control locking
device, a carriage tie-down, or both.
(v) Barriers and warning signs. A barrier shall be provided to
prevent employees from entering the space necessary for travel of the
carriage, with headblocks fully receded, for the full length and extreme
ends of carriage runways. Warning signs shall be posted at possible
entry points to this area.
(vi) Overhead clearance. For a rider-type carriage adequate overhead
clear space above the carriage deck shall be provided for the full
carriage runway length.
(vii) Sweeping devices. Carriage track sweeping devices shall be
used to keep track rails clear of debris.
(viii) Dogs. Dogging devices shall be adequate to secure logs,
cants, or boards, during sawing operations.
(2) Head saws--(i) Band head saws. (a) Band head saws shall not be
operated at speeds in excess of those recommended by the manufacturer
(b) Band head saws shall be thoroughly inspected for cracks, splits,
broken teeth, and other defects. A bandsaw with a crack greater than
one-tenth the width of the saw shall not be placed in service until
width of saw is reduced to eliminate crack, until cracked section is
removed, or crack development is stopped.
(c) Provisions shall be made for alerting and warning employees
before starting band head saws, and measures shall be taken to insure
that all persons are in the clear.
(ii) Bandsaw wheels. (a) No bandsaw wheel shall be run at a
peripheral speed in excess of that recommended by the manufacturer. The
manufacturer's recommended maximum speed shall be stamped in plainly
legible figures on some portion of the wheel.
(b) Band head saw wheels shall be subjected to monthly inspections.
Hubs, spokes, rims, bolts, and rivets shall be thoroughly examined in
the course of such inspections. A loose or damaged hub, a rim crack, or
loose spokes shall make the wheel unfit for service.
(c) Band wheels shall be completely encased or guarded, except for a
portion of the upper wheel immediately around the point where the blade
leaves the wheel, to permit operator to observe movement of equipment.
Necessary ventilating and observation ports may be permitted.
Substantial doors or gates are allowed for repair, lubrication, and saw
changes; such doors or gates shall be closed securely during operation.
Band head rigs shall be equipped with a saw catcher or guard of
substantial construction.
(iii) Single circular head saws. (a) Circular head saws shall not be
operated at speeds in excess of those specified by the manufacturer.
Maximum speed shall be etched on the saw.
(b) Circular head saws shall be equipped with safety guides which
can be readily adjusted without use of hand tools.
(c) The upper saw of a double circular mill shall be provided with a
substantial hood or guard. A screen or other suitable device shall be
placed so as to protect the sawyer from flying particles.
(d) All circular sawmills where live rolls are not used behind the
head saw shall be equipped with a spreader wheel or splitter.
(iv) Twin circular head saws. Twin circular head saw rigs such as
scrag saws shall meet the specifications for single circular head saws
in paragraph (e)(1)(iii) of this section where applicable.
(v) Whole-log sash gang saws (Swedish gangs). (a) Cranks, pitman
rods, and other moving parts shall be adequately guarded.
(b) Feed rolls shall be enclosed by a cover over the top, front, and
open ends except where guarded by location. Drive mechanism to feed
rolls shall be enclosed.
[[Page 733]]
(c) Carriage cradles of whole-log sash gang saws (Swedish gangs),
shall be of adequate height to prevent logs from kicking out while being
loaded.
(3) Resaws--(i) Band resaws. Band resaws shall meet the
specifications for band head saws as required by paragraph (e)(2)(i) of
this section.
(ii) Circular gang resaws. (a) Banks of circular gang resaws shall
be guarded by a hood.
(b) Circular gang resaws shall be provided with safety fingers or
other antikickback devices.
(c) Circular gang resaws shall not be operated at speeds exceeding
those recommended by the manufacturer.
(d) [Reserved]
(e) Feed rolls shall be guarded.
(f) Each circular gang resaw, except self-feed saws with a live roll
or wheel at back of saw, shall be provided with spreaders.
(iii) Sash gang resaws. Sash gang resaws shall meet the safety
specifications of whole-log sash gang saws in accordance with the
requirements of paragraph (e)(2)(v) of this section.
(4) Trimmer saws--(i) Maximum speed. Trimmer saws shall not be run
at peripheral speeds in excess of those recommended by the manufacturer.
(ii) Guards. (a) Trimmer saws shall be guarded in front by adequate
baffles to protect against flying debris and they shall be securely
bolted to a substantial frame. These guards for a series of saws shall
be set as close to the top of the trimmer table as is practical.
(b) The end saws on trimmer shall be guarded.
(c) The rear of trimmer saws shall have a guard the full width of
the saws and as much wider as practical.
(iii) Safety stops. Automatic trimmer saws shall be provided with
safety stops or hangers to prevent saws from dropping on table.
(5) Edgers--(i) Location. (a) Where vertical arbor edger saws are
located ahead of the main saw, they shall be so guarded that an employee
cannot contact any part of the edger saw from his normal position.
(b) Edgers shall not be located in the main roll case behind the
head saws.
(ii) Guards. (a) The top and the openings in end and side frames of
edgers shall be adequately guarded and gears and chains shall be fully
housed. Guards may be hinged or otherwise arranged to permit oiling and
the removal of saws.
(b) All edgers shall be equipped with pressure feed rolls.
(c) Pressure feed rolls on edgers shall be guarded against
accidental contact.
(iii) Antikickback devices. (a) Edgers shall be provided with safety
fingers or other approved methods of preventing kickbacks or guarding
against them. A barricade in line with the edger, if properly fenced
off, may be used if safety fingers are not feasible to install.
(b) A controlling device shall be installed and located so that the
operator can stop the feed mechanism without releasing the tension of
the pressure rolls.
(iv) Operating speed of live rolls. Live rolls and tailing devices
in back of edger shall operate at a speed not less than the speed of the
edger feed rolls.
(6) Planers--(i) Guards. (a) All cutting heads shall be guarded.
(b) Side head hoods shall be of sufficient height to safeguard the
head setscrew.
(c) Pressure feed rolls and ``pineapples'' shall be guarded.
(d) Levers or controls shall be so arranged or guarded as to reduce
the possibility of accidental operation.
(f) Dry kilns and facilities--(1) Kiln foundations. Dry kilns shall
be constructed upon solid foundations to prevent tracks from sagging
(2) Passageways. A passageway shall be provided to give adequate
clearance on at least one side or in the center of end-piled kilns and
on two sides of cross-piled kilns.
(3) Doors--(i) Main kiln doors. (a) Main kiln doors shall be
provided with a method of holding them open while kiln is being loaded.
(b) Counterweights on vertical lift doors shall be boxed or
otherwise guarded.
(c) Adequate means shall be provided to firmly secure main doors,
when they are disengaged from carriers and hangers, to prevent toppling.
(ii) Escape doors. (a) If operating procedures require access to
kilns, kilns shall be provided with escape doors that operate easily
from the inside, swing in the direction of exit, and are
[[Page 734]]
located in or near the main door at the end of the passageway.
(b) Escape doors shall be of adequate height and width to
accommodate an average size man.
(4) Pits. Pits shall be well ventilated, drained, and lighted, and
shall be large enough to safely accommodate the kiln operator together
with operating devices such as valves, dampers, damper rods, and traps.
(5) Steam mains. All high-pressure steam mains located in or
adjacent to an operating pit shall be covered with heat-insulating
material.
(6) Ladders. A fixed ladder, in accordance with the requirements of
Sec. 1910.27 or other adequate means shall be provided to permit access
to the roof. Where controls and machinery are mounted on the roof, a
permanent stairway with standard handrail shall be installed in
accordance with the requirements of Sec. 1910.24.
(7) Chocks. A means shall be provided for chocking or blocking cars.
(8) Kiln tender room. A warm room shall be provided for kiln
employees to stay in during cold weather after leaving a hot kiln.
[39 FR 23502, June 27, 1974, as amended at 40 FR 23073, May 28, 1975; 43
FR 49751, Oct. 24, 1978; 43 FR 51760, Nov. 7, 1978; 53 FR 12123, Apr.
12, 1988; 55 FR 32015, Aug. 6, 1990; 61 FR 9241, Mar. 7, 1996; 63 FR
33467, June 18, 1998; 70 FR 53929, Sept. 13, 2005]
