[Code of Federal Regulations]
[Title 29, Volume 5]
[Revised as of January 1, 2007]
From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access
[CITE: 29CFR1910.261]
[Page 696-707]
TITLE 29--LABOR
CHAPTER XVII--OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT
OF LABOR
PART 1910_OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH STANDARDS--Table of Contents
Subpart R_Special Industries
Sec. 1910.261 Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills.
Authority: Sections 4, 6, and 8 of the Occupational Safety and
Health Act of 1970 (29 U.S.C. 653, 655, 657); Secretary of Labor's Order
Nos. 12-71 (36 FR 8754), 8-76 (41 FR 25059), 9-83 (48 FR 35736), 6-96
(62 FR 111), 3-2000 (65 FR 50017), or 5-2002 (67 FR 65008) as
applicable; and 29 CFR part 1911.
(a) General requirements--(1) Application. This section applies to
establishments where pulp, paper, and paperboard are manufactured and
converted. This section does not apply to logging and the transportation
of logs to pulp, paper, and paperboard mills.
(2) Standards incorporated by reference. Standards covering issues
of occupational safety and health which have general application without
regard to any specific industry are incorporated by reference in
paragraphs (b) through (m) of this section and in subparagraphs (3) and
(4) of this paragraph and made applicable under this section. Such
standards shall be construed according to the rules set forth in Sec.
1910.5.
(3) General incorporation of standards. Establishments subject to
this section shall comply with the following standards of the American
National Standards Institute, which are incorporated by reference as
specified in Sec. 1910.6:
(i) Practice for Industrial Lighting, A11.1--1965 (R-1970).
(ii) Scheme for the Identification of Piping Systems, A13.1--1956.
(iii) Safety Code for Elevators, Dumbwaiters, and Moving Walks,
A17.1--1965, including Supplements A17.1a--1967, A17.1b--1968, A17.1c--
1969, and A17.1d--1970.
(iv) Practice for the Inspection of Elevators (Inspector's Manual),
A17.2--1960, including Suppelements A17.2a--1965 and A17.2b--1967.
(v) Safety Code for Conveyors, Cableways, and Related Equipment,
B20.1--1957.
(vi) Power Piping, B31.1.0--1967 and addenda B31.10a--1969. Fuel Gas
Piping, B31.2--1968.
(vii) Identification of Gas-Mask Canisters, K13.1--1967.
(viii) Prevention of Sulfur Fires and Explosions, Z12.12--1968.
(ix) Installation of Blower and Exhaust Systems for Dust, Stock, and
Vapor Removal or Conveying, Z33.1--1961.
(4) Other standards. The following standards, which are incorporated
by reference as specified in Sec. 1910.6, shall be considered standards
under this section:
(i) ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII, Unfired
Pressure Vessels, including addenda 1969.
(ii) Building Exits Code for Life Safety from Fire, NFPA 101--1970.
(iii) Safety in the Handling and Use of Explosives, IME Pamphlet No.
17, July 1960, Institute of Makers of Explosives.
(b) Safe practices--(1) Lockouts. Devices such as padlocks shall be
provided for locking out the source of power at the main disconnect
switch. Before any maintenance, inspection, cleaning, adjusting, or
servicing of equipment (electrical, mechanical, or other) that requires
entrance into or close contact with the machinery or equipment, the main
power disconnect switch or valve, or both, controlling its source of
power or flow of material, shall be locked out or blocked off with
padlock, blank flange, or similar device.
(2) Emergency lighting. Emergency lighting shall be provided
wherever it is necessary for employees to remain at their machines or
stations to shut down equipment in case of power failure. Emergency
lighting shall be provided at stairways and passageways or aisleways
used by employees for emergency exit in case of power failure. Emergency
lighting shall be provided in all plant first aid and medical
facilities.
(c) Handling and storage of pulpwood and pulp chips--(1) Handling
pulpwood with forklift trucks. Where large forklift trucks, or lift
trucks with clam-jaws, are used in the yard, the operator's enclosed cab
shall be provided with an escape hatch, whenever the hydraulic arm
blocks escape through the side doors.
(2) Handling pulpwood with cranes or stackers. (i) Where locomotive
cranes are used for loading or unloading pulpwood, the pulpwood shall be
piled so as to allow a clearance of not less than 24
[[Page 697]]
inches between the pile and the end of the cab of any locomotive crane
in use, when the cab is turned in any working position.
(ii) The minimum distance of the pulpwood pile from the centerline
of a standard-gage track shall be maintained at not less than 8\1/2\
feet.
(iii) Logs shall be piled in an orderly and stable manner, with no
projection into walkways or roadways.
(iv) Railroad cars shall not be spotted on tracks adjacent to the
locomotive cranes unless a 24-inch clearance is maintained, as required
in paragraph (c)(2)(i) of this section.
(v) The handling and storage of other materials shall conform to
paragraphs (c)(2) (i) and (ii) of this section with respect to
clearance.
(vi) No person shall be permitted to walk beneath a suspended load,
bucket, or hook.
(3) Handling pulpwood from ships.
(i) [Reserved]
(ii) The hatch tender shall be required to signal the hoisting
engineer to move the load only after the men working in the hold are in
the clear.
(iii) The air in the ship's hold, tanks, or closed vessels shall be
tested for oxygen deficiency and for both toxic and explosive gases and
vapors.
(4) Handling pulpwood from flatcars and all other railway cars. (i)
Railroad flatcars for the conveyance of pulpwood loaded parallel to the
length of the car shall be equipped with safety-stake pockets.
(ii) Where pulpwood is loaded crosswise on a flatcar sufficient
stakes of sizes not smaller than 4 by 4 inches shall be used to prevent
the load from shifting.
(iii) When it is necessary to cut stakes, those on the unloading
side should be partially cut through first, and then the binder wires
cut on the opposite side. Wire cutters equipped with long extension
handles shall be used. No person shall be permitted along the dumping
side of the car after the stakes have been cut.
(iv) When steel straps without stakes are used, the steel straps
shall be cut from a safe area to prevent employees from being struck by
the falling logs.
(v) Flatcars and all other cars shall be chocked during unloading.
Where equipment is not provided with hand brakes, rail clamping chocks
shall be used.
(vi) A derail shall be used to prevent movement of other rail
equipment into cars where persons are working.
(5) Handling pulpwood from trucks. (i) Cutting of stakes and binder
wires shall be done in accordance with paragraph (c)4(iii) of this
section.
(ii) Where binder chain and steel stakes are used, the binder chains
shall be released and the stakes tripped from the opposite side of the
load spillage.
(iii) Where binder chains and crane slings are used, the crane
slings shall be attached and taut before the binder chains are released.
The hooker shall see that the helper is clear before signaling for the
movement of the load.
(6) Handling pulp chips from railway cars. All cars shall be
securely fastened in place and all employees in the clear before dumping
is started.
(7) Handling pulp chips from trucks and trailers. All trucks and
trailers shall be securely fastened in place and all employees in the
clear before dumping is started.
(8) Cranes.
(i) [Reserved]
(ii) A safety device such as a heavy chain or cable at least equal
in strength to the lifting cables shall be fastened to the boom and to
the frame of the boom crane (if it is other than locomotive) at the
base. Alternatively, a telescoping safety device shall be fastened to
the boom and to the cab frame, so as to prevent the boom from snapping
back over the cab in the event of lifting cable breakage.
(iii) A crane shall not be operated where any part thereof may come
within 10 feet of overhead powerlines (or other overhead obstructions)
unless the powerlines have been deenergized. The boom shall be painted
bright yellow from and including the head sheave to a point 6 feet down
the boom towards the cab.
(iv) Standard signals for the operation of cranes shall be
established for all movements of the crane, in accordance with American
National Standards B30.2--1943 (reaffirmed 1968) and B30.2.0--1967.
[[Page 698]]
(v) Only one member of the crew shall be authorized to give signals
to the crane operator.
(vi) All cranes shall be equipped with a suitable warning device
such as a horn or whistle.
(vii) A sheave guard shall be provided beneath the head sheave of
the boom.
(9) Traffic warning signs or signals. (i) A flagman shall direct the
movement of cranes or locomotives being moved across railroad tracks or
roads, and at any points where the vision of the operator is restricted.
The flagman must always remain in sight of the operator when the crane
or locomotive is in motion. The blue flag policy shall be used to mark
stationary cars day and night. This policy shall include marking the
track in advance of the spotted cars (flag for daytime, light for
darkness).
(ii) After cars are spotted for loading or unloading, warning flags
or signs shall be placed in the center of the track at least 50 feet
away from the cars and a derail set to protect workmen in the car.
(10) Illumination. Artificial illumination shall be provided when
loading or unloading is performed after dark, in accordance with
American National Standard A11.1--1965 (R--1970).
(11) [Reserved]
(12) Barking devices. When barking drums are employed in the yard,
the requirements of paragraph (e)(12) of this section shall apply.
(13) Hand tools. Handles of wood hooks shall be locked to the shank
to prevent them from rotating.
(14) Removal of pulpwood. (i) The ends of a woodpile shall be
properly sloped and cross-tiered into the pile. Upright poles shall not
be used at the ends of woodpiles. To knock down wood from the woodpile,
mechanical equipment shall be used to permit employees to keep in the
clear of loosened wood.
(ii) If dynamite is used to loosen the pile, only authorized
personnel shall be permitted to handle and discharge the explosive. An
electric detonator is preferable for firing; if a fuse is used, it shall
be an approved safety fuse with a burning rate of not less than 120
seconds per yard and a minimum length of 3 feet, in accordance with
Safety in the Handling and Use of Explosives, IME Pamphlet No. 17, July
1960.
(15) Belt conveyors. (i) The sides of the conveyor shall be
constructed so that the wood will not fall off.
(ii) Where conveyors cross passageways or roadways, a horizontal
platform shall be provided under the conveyor extending out from the
sides of the conveyor a distance equal to 1\1/2\ times the length of the
wood handled. The platform shall extend the width of the road plus 2
feet on each side and shall be kept free of wood and rubbish. The edges
of the platform shall be provided with toeboards or other protection to
prevent wood from falling, in accordance with American National Standard
A12.1--1967.
(iii) All conveyors for pulpwood shall have the inrunning nips
between chain and sprockets guarded; also, turning drums shall be
guarded.
(iv) Every belt conveyor shall have an emergency stop cable
extending the length of the conveyor so that it may be stopped from any
location along the line, or conveniently located stop buttons within 10
feet of each work station, in accordance with American National Standard
B20.1--1957.
(16) Signs. Where conveyors cross walkways or roadways in the yards,
signs reading ``Danger--Overhead Conveyor'' or an equivalent warning
shall be erected, in accordance with American National Standard Z35.1--
1968.
(d) Handling and storage of raw materials other than pulpwood or
pulp chips--(1) Personal protective equipment. Whenever possible, all
dust, fumes, and gases incident to handling materials shall be
controlled at the source, in accordance with American National Standard
Z9.2--1960. Where control at the source is not possible, respirators
with goggles or protective masks shall be provided, and employees shall
wear them when handling alum, clay, soda ash, lime, bleach powder,
sulfur, chlorine, and similar materials, and when opening rag bales.
(2) Clearance. (i) When materials are being piled inside a building
and upon platforms, an aisle clearance at least 3 feet greater than the
widest truck in use shall be provided.
(ii) Baled paper and rags stored inside a building shall not be
piled closer than 18 inches to walls, partitions, or sprinkler heads.
[[Page 699]]
(3) Piling and unpiling pulp. (i) Piles of wet lap pulp (unless
palletized) shall be stepped back one-half the width of the sheet for
each 8 feet of pile height. Sheets of pulp shall be interlapped to make
the pile secure. Pulp shall not be piled over pipelines to jeopardize
pipes, or so as to cause overloading of floors, or to within 18 inches
below sprinkler heads.
(ii) Piles of pulp shall not be undermined when being unpiled.
(iii) Floor capacities shall be clearly marked on all floors.
(4)(i) [Reserved]
(ii) Where rolls are pyramided two or more high, chocks shall be
installed between each roll on the floor and at every row. Where pulp
and paper rolls are stored on smooth floors in processing areas, rubber
chocks with wooden core shall be used.
(iii) When rolls are decked two or more high, the bottom rolls shall
be chocked on each side to prevent shifting in either direction.
(e) Preparing pulpwood--(1) Gang and slasher saws. A guard shall be
provided in front of all gang and slasher saws to protect workers from
wood thrown by saws. A guard shall be placed over tail sprockets.
(2) Slasher tables. Saws shall be stopped and power switches shall
be locked out and tagged whenever it is necessary for any person to be
on the slasher table.
(3) [Reserved]
(4) Runway to the jack ladder. The runway from the pond or unloading
dock to the table shall be protected with standard handrails and
toeboards. Inclined portions shall have cleats or equivalent nonslip
surfacing, in accordance with American National Standard A12.1--1967.
Protective equipment shall be provided for persons working over water.
(5) Guards below table. Where not protected by the frame of the
machine, the underside of the slasher saws shall be enclosed with
guards.
(6) Conveyors. The requirements of paragraph (c)(15)(iv) of this
section shall apply.
(7) [Reserved]
(8) Barker feed. Each barker shall be equipped with a feed and
turnover device which will make it unnecessary for the operator to hold
a bolt or log by hand during the barking operation. Eye, ear, and head
protection shall be provided for the operator, in accordance with
paragraph (b)(2) of this section.
(9) [Reserved]
(10) Stops. All control devices shall be locked out and tagged when
knives are being changed.
(11) Speed governor. Water wheels, when directly connected to barker
disks or grinders, shall be provided with speed governors, if operated
with gate wide open.
(12) Continuous barking drums. (i) When platforms or floors allow
access to the sides of the drums, a standard railing shall be
constructed around the drums. When two or more drums are arranged side
by side, proper walkways with standard handrails shall be provided
between each set, in accordance with paragraph (b)(3) of this section.
(ii) Sprockets and chains, gears, and trunnions shall have standard
guards, in accordance with paragraph (b)(1) of this section.
(iii) Whenever it becomes necessary for a workman to go within a
drum, the driving mechanism shall be locked and tagged, at the main
disconnect switch, in accordance with paragraph (b)(4) of this section.
(13) Intermittent barking drums. In addition to motor switch,
clutch, belt shifter, or other power disconnecting device, intermittent
barking drums shall be equipped with a device which may be locked to
prevent the drum from moving while it is being emptied or filled.
(14) Hydraulic barkers. Hydraulic barkers shall be enclosed with
strong baffles at the inlet and the outlet. The operator shall be
protected by at least five-ply laminated glass.
(15) Splitter block. The block upon or against which the wood is
rested shall have a corrugated surface or other means provided that the
wood will not slip. Wood to be split, and also the splitting block,
shall be free of ice, snow, or chips. The operator shall be provided
with eye and foot protection. A clear and unobstructed view shall be
maintained between equipment and workers around the block and the
workers' help area.
[[Page 700]]
(16) Power control. Power for the operation of the splitter shall be
controlled by a clutch or equivalent device.
(17) Knot cleaners. The operators of knot cleaners of the woodpecker
type shall wear eye protection equipment.
(18) Chipper spout. The feed system to the chipper spout shall be
arranged in such a way that the operator does not stand in a direct line
with the chipper spout. All chipper spouts shall be enclosed to a height
of at least 42 inches from the floor or operator's platform. When other
protection is not sufficient, the operator shall wear a safety belt
line. The safety belt line shall be fastened in such a manner as to make
it impossible for the operator to fall into the throat of the chipper.
Ear protection equipment shall be worn by the operator and others in the
immediate area if there is any possibility that the noise level may be
harmful (see Sec. 1910.95).
(19) Carriers for knives. Carriers shall be provided and used for
transportation of knives.
(f) Rag and old paper preparation--(1) Ripping and trimming tools.
(i) Hand knives and scissors shall have blunt points, shall be fastened
to the table with chain or thong, and shall not be carried on the person
but placed safely in racks or sheaths when not in use.
(ii) Hand knives and sharpening steels shall be provided with guards
at the junction of the handle and the blade.
(2) Shredders, cutters, and dusters. (i) Rotating heads or cylinders
shall be completely enclosed except for an opening at the feed side
sufficient to permit only the entry of stock. The enclosure shall extend
over the top of the feed rolls. It shall be constructed either of solid
material or with mesh or openings not exceeding one-half inch and
substantial enough to contain flying particles and prevent accidental
contact with moving parts. The enclosure shall be bolted or locked into
place.
(ii) A smooth-pivoted idler roll resting on the stock or feed table
shall be provided in front of feed rolls except when arrangements
prevent the operator from standing closer than 36 inches to any part of
the feed rolls.
(iii) Any manually fed cutter, shredder, or duster shall be provided
with an idler roll as per subdivision (ii) of this subparagraph or the
operator shall use special hand-feeding tools.
(iv) Hoods of cutters, shredders, and dusters shall have exhaust
ventilation, in accordance with American National Standard Z9.2--1960.
(3) Blowers. (i) Blowers used for transporting rags shall be
provided with feed hoppers having outer edges located not less than 48
inches from the fan.
(ii) The arrangement of the blower discharge outlets and work areas
shall be such as to prevent material from falling on workers.
(4) Conveyors. Conveyors and conveyor drive belts and pulleys shall
be fully enclosed or, if open and within 7 feet of the floor, shall be
constructed and guarded in accordance with paragraph (c)(15) of this
section and American National Standards B15.1--1953 (Reaffirmed 1958)
and B20.1--1957.
(5) Dust. Measures for the control of dust shall be provided, in
accordance with American National Standards Z33.1--1961, Z87.1--1968,
and Z88.2--1969.
(6) Rag cookers. (i) When cleaning, inspection, or other work
requires that persons enter rag cookers, all steam and water valves, or
other control devices, shall be locked and tagged in the closed or
``off'' position. Blank flanging of pipelines is acceptable in place of
closed and locked valves.
(ii) When cleaning, inspection, or other work requires that persons
must enter the cooker, one person shall be stationed outside in a
position to observe and assist in case of emergency, in accordance with
paragraph (b)(5) of this section.
(iii) [Reserved]
(iv) Rag cookers shall be provided with safety valves in accordance
with the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII, Unfired
Pressure Vessels--1968, with Addenda.
(g) Chemical processes of making pulp--(1) Sulfur burners. (i)
Sulfur-burner houses shall be safely and adequately ventilated, and
every precaution shall be taken to guard against dust explosion hazards
and fires, in accordance with American National Standards Z9.2--1960 and
Z12.12--1968.
(ii) Nonsparking tools and equipment shall be used in handling dry
sulfur.
[[Page 701]]
(iii) Sulfur storage bins shall be kept free of sulfur dust
accumulation, in accordance with American National Standard Z9.2--1960.
(iv) Sulfur-melting equipment shall not be located in the burner
room.
(2) Protection for employees (acid plants). (i) Supplied air
respirators shall be strategically located for emergency and rescue use.
(ii) During inspection, repairs, or maintenance of acid towers, the
workman shall be provided with eye protection, a supplied air
respirator, a safety belt, and an attached lifeline. The line shall be
extended to an attendant stationed outside the tower opening.
(3) Acid tower structure. Outside elevators shall be inspected daily
during winter months when ice materially affects safety. Elevators,
runways, stairs, etc., for the acid tower shall be inspected monthly for
defects that may occur because of exposure to acid or corrosive gases.
(4) Tanks (acid). (i) Tanks shall be free of acid and shall be
washed out with water, and fresh air shall be blown into them before
allowing men to enter. Men entering the tanks shall be provided with
supplied air respirators, lifebelts, and attached lifelines.
(ii) A man shall be stationed outside to summon assistance if
necessary. All intake valves to a tank shall be blanked off or
disconnected.
(5) Clothing. Where lime slaking takes place, employees shall be
provided with rubber boots, rubber gloves, protective aprons, and eye
protection. A deluge shower and eye fountain shall be provided to flush
the skin and eyes to counteract lime or acid burns.
(6) Lead burning. When lead burning is being done within tanks,
fresh air shall be forced into the tanks so that fresh air will reach
the face of the worker first and the direction of the current will never
be from the source of the fumes toward the face of the workers. Supplied
air respirators (constant-flow type) shall be provided.
(7) Hoops for acid storage tanks. Hoops of tanks shall be made of
rods rather than flat strips and shall be safely maintained by scheduled
inspections.
(8) Chip and sawdust bins. Steam or compressed-air lances, or other
facilities, shall be used for breaking down the arches caused by jamming
in chip lofts. No worker shall be permitted to enter a bin unless
provided with a safety belt, with line attached, and an attendant
stationed at the bin to summon assistance.
(9) Exits (digester building). At least one unobstructed exit at
each end of the room shall be provided on each floor of a digester
building.
(10) Gas masks (digester building). Gas masks must be available, and
they must furnish adequate protection against sulfurous acid and
chlorine gases and be inspected and repaired in accordance with 29 CFR
1910.134.
(11) Elevators. (i) Elevators shall be constructed in accordance
with American National Standard A17.1--1965.
(ii) Elevators shall be equipped with gas masks for the maximum
number of passengers.
(iii) Elevators shall be equipped with an alarm system to advise of
failure.
(12) Blowoff valves and piping. (i) The blowoff valve of a digester
shall be arranged so as to be operated from another room, remote from
safety valves.
(ii) Through bolts instead of cap bolts shall be used on all
digester pipings.
(iii) Heavy duty pipe, valves, and fittings shall be used between
the digester and blow pit. These valves, fittings, and pipes shall be
inspected at least semiannually to determine the degree of
deterioration.
(iv) Digester blow valves shall be pinned or locked in closed
position throughout the entire cooking period.
(13) Blow pits and blow tanks. (i) Blow-pit openings shall be
preferably on the side of the pit instead of on top. When located on
top, openings shall be as small as possible and shall be provided with
railings, in accordance with American National Standard A12.1--1967.
(ii) A specially constructed ladder shall be used for access to blow
pits, to be constructed so that the door of the blow pit cannot be
closed when the ladder is in place; other means shall be provided to
prevent the closing of the pit door when anyone is in the pit.
(iii) A signaling device shall be installed in the digester and
blow-pit rooms and chip bins to be operated as a warning before and
while digesters are being blown.
[[Page 702]]
(iv) Blow-pit hoops shall be maintained in a safe condition.
(14) Blowing digester. (i) Blowoff valves shall be opened slowly.
(ii) After the digester has started to be blown, the blowoff valve
shall be left open, and the hand plate shall not be removed until the
digester cook signals the blow-pit man that the blow is completed.
Whenever it becomes necessary to remove the hand plate to clear stock,
operators shall wear eye protection equipment and protective clothing to
guard against burns from hot stock.
(iii) Means shall be provided whereby the digester cook shall signal
the man in the chip bin before starting to load the digester.
(15) Inspecting and repairing digester. (i) Valves controlling lines
leading into a digester shall be locked out and tagged. The keys to the
locks shall be in the possession of a person or persons doing the
inspecting or making repairs.
(ii) Fresh air shall be blown into the digester constantly while
workmen are inside. Supplied air respirators shall be available in the
event the fresh air supply fails or is inadequate.
(iii) No inspector shall enter a digester unless a lifeline is
securely fastened to his body by means of a safety belt and at least one
other experienced employee is stationed outside the digester to handle
the line and to summon assistance. All ladders and lifelines shall be
inspected before each use.
(iv) All employees entering digesters for inspection or repair work
shall be provided with protective headgear. Eye protection and dust
masks shall be provided to workmen while the old brick lining is being
removed, in accordance with American National Standards, Z87.1--1968,
Z88.2--1969, and Z99.1--1969.
(16) Pressure tanks-accumulators (acid). (i) Safety regulations
governing inspection and repairing of pressure tanks-accumulators (acid)
shall be the same as those specified in subparagraph (15) of this
paragraph.
(ii) The pressure tanks-accumulators shall be inspected twice
annually. (See the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII,
Unfired Pressure Vessels--1968, with Addenda.)
(17) Pressure vessels (safety devices). (i) A safety valve shall be
installed in a separate line from each pressure vessel; no hand valve
shall be installed between this safety valve and the pressure vessel.
Safety valves shall be checked between each cook to be sure they have
not become plugged or corroded to the point of being inoperative. (See
the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII, Unfired Pressure
Vessels--1968, with Addenda.)
(ii) All safety devices shall conform to Paragraph U-2 in the ASME
Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII, Unfired Pressure
Vessels--1968, with Addenda.
(18) Miscellaneous. Insofar as the processes of the sulfate and soda
operations are similar to those of the sulfite processes, the standard
of paragraphs (g) (1) through (17) of this section shall apply.
(i) Quick operating showers, bubblers, etc., shall be available for
emergency use in case of caustic soda burns.
(ii) Rotary tenders, smelter operators, and those cleaning smelt
spouts shall be provided with eye protection equipment (fitted with
lenses that filter out the harmful rays emanating from the light source)
when actively engaged in their duties, in accordance with American
National Standard Z87.1--1968.
(iii) Heavy-duty pipe, valves, and fittings shall be used between
digester and blow pit. These shall be inspected at least semiannually to
determine the degree of deterioration and repaired or replaced when
necessary, in accordance with American National Standards B31.1--1955,
B31.1a--1963, B31.1.0--1967, and B31.2--1968.
(iv) Smelt-dissolving tanks shall be covered and the cover kept
closed, except when samples are being taken.
(v) Smelt tanks shall be provided with vent stacks and explosion
doors, in accordance with American National Standard Z9.1--1951.
(19) Blow lines.
(i)-(ii) [Reserved]
(iii) When blow lines from more than one digester lead into one
pipe, the cock or valve of the blow line from the tank being inspected
or repaired shall be locked or tagged out, or the line shall be
disconnected and blocked off.
(20) Furnace room. Exhaust ventilation shall be provided where niter
cake is fed into a rotary furnace and shall be so designed and
maintained as to keep
[[Page 703]]
the concentration of hydrogen sulfide gas below the parts per million
listed in Sec. 1910.1000.
(21) Inspection and repair of tanks. All piping leading to tanks
shall be blanked off or valved and locked or tagged. Any lines to sewers
shall be blanked off to protect workers from air contaminants.
(22) Welding. Welding on blow tanks, accumulator tanks, or any other
vessels where turpentine vapor or other combustible vapor could gather
shall be done only after the vessel has been completely purged of fumes.
Fresh air shall be supplied workers inside of vessels.
(23) Turpentine systems and storage tanks. Nonsparking tools and
ground hose shall be used when pumping out the tank. The tank shall be
surrounded by a berm or moat.
(h) Bleaching--(1) Bleaching engines. Bleaching engines, except the
Bellmer type, shall be completely covered on the top, with the exception
of one small opening large enough to allow filling but too small to
admit a man. Platforms leading from one engine to another shall have
standard guardrails, in accordance with American National Standard
A12.1--1967.
(2) Bleach mixing rooms. (i) The room in which the bleach powder is
mixed shall be provided with adequate exhaust ventilation, located at
the floor level, in accordance with American National Standard Z9.1--
1951.
(ii) Chlorine gas shall be carried away from the work place and
breathing area by an exhaust system. The gas shall be rendered neutral
or harmless before being discharged into the atmosphere. The
requirements of American National Standard Z9.2--1960 shall apply to
this subdivision.
(iii) For emergency and rescue operations, the employer must provide
employees with self-contained breathing apparatuses or supplied-air
respirators, and ensure that employees use these respirators, in
accordance with the requirements of 29 CFR 1910.134.
(3) Liquid chlorine. (i) Tanks of liquid chlorine shall be stored in
an adequately ventilated unoccupied room, where their possible leakage
cannot affect workers.
(ii) Gas masks capable of absorbing chlorine shall be supplied,
conveniently placed, and regularly inspected, and workers who may be
exposed to chlorine gas shall be instructed in their use.
(iii) For emergency and rescue work, independent self-contained
oxygen-type masks or supplied air equipment shall be provided.
(iv) At least two exits, remote from each other, shall be provided
for all rooms in which chlorine is stored.
(v) Spur tracks upon which tank cars containing chlorine and caustic
are spotted and connected to pipelines shall be protected by means of a
derail in front of the cars.
(vi) All chlorine, caustic, and acid lines shall be marked for
positive identification, in accordance with American National Standard
A13.1--1967.
(4) Bagged or drummed chemicals. Bagged or drummed chemicals require
efficient handling to prevent damage and spillage. Certain oxidizing
chemicals used in bleaching pulp and also in some sanitizing work
require added precautions for safety in storage and handling. In
storage, these chemicals must be isolated from combustible materials and
other chemicals with which they will react such as acids. They must also
be kept dry, clean and uncontaminated.
(i) Mechanical pulp process--(1) Pulp grinders. (i) Water wheels
directly connected to pulp grinders shall be provided with speed
governors limiting the peripheral speed of the grinder to that
recommended by the manufacturer.
(ii) Doors of pocket grinders shall be arranged so as to keep them
from closing accidentally.
(2) Butting saws. Hood guards shall be provided on butting saws, in
accordance with American National Standard O1.1--1954 (reaffirmed 1961).
(3) Floors and platforms. The requirements of paragraph (b)(3) of
this section shall apply.
(4) Personal protection. Persons exposed to falling material shall
wear eye, head, foot, and shin protection equipment, in accordance with
American National Standards Z87.1--1968, Z88.2--1969, Z89.1--1969, and
Z41.1--1967.
[[Page 704]]
(j) Stock preparation--(1) Pulp shredders. (i) Cutting heads shall
be completely enclosed except for an opening at the feed side sufficient
to permit only entry of stock. The enclosure shall be bolted or locked
in place. The enclosure shall be of solid material or with mesh or other
openings not exceeding one-half inch.
(ii) Either a slanting feed table with its outer edge not less than
36 inches from the cutting head or an automatic feeding device shall be
provided.
(iii) Repairs for cleaning of blockage shall be done only when the
shredder is shutdown and control devices locked.
(2) Pulp conveyors. Pulp conveyors and conveyor drive belts and
pulleys shall be fully enclosed, or if open and within 7 feet of the
floor, shall be constructed and guarded in accordance with American
National Standard B20.1--1957.
(3) [Reserved]
(4) Beaters. (i) Beater rolls shall be provided with covers.
(ii) When cleaning, inspecting, or other work requires that persons
enter the beaters, all control devices shall be locked or tagged out, in
accordance with paragraph (b)(4) of this section.
(iii) When beaters are fed from floor above, the chute opening, if
less than 42 inches from the floor, shall be provided with a complete
rail or other enclosure. Openings for manual feeding shall be sufficient
only for entry of stock and shall be provided with at least two
permanently secured crossrails, in accordance American National Standard
A12.1--1967.
(iv) [Reserved]
(v) Floors around beaters shall be provided with sufficient drainage
to remove wastes.
(5) Pulpers. (i) All pulpers having the top or any other opening of
vessel less than 42 inches from the floor or work platform shall have
such openings guarded by railed or other enclosures. For manual
charging, openings shall be sufficient only to permit the entry of stock
and shall be provided with at least two permanently secured crossrails,
in accordance with American National Standard A12.1--1967.
(ii) When cleaning, inspecting, or other work requires that persons
enter the pulpers, they shall be equipped with safety belt and lifeline,
and one person shall be stationed outside at a position to observe and
assist in case of emergency.
(iii) When cleaning, inspecting, or other work requires that persons
enter pulpers, all steam, water, or other control devices shall be
locked or tagged out. Blank flanging and tagging of pipe lines is
acceptable in place of closed and locked or tagged valves. Blank
flanging of steam and water lines shall be acceptable in place of valve
locks.
(6) Stock chests. (i) All control devices shall be locked or tagged
out when persons enter stock chests, in accordance with paragraph (b)(4)
of this section.
(ii) When cleaning, inspecting, or other work requires that persons
enter stock chests, they shall be provided with a low-voltage extension
light.
(k) Machine room--(1) Emergency stops. Paper machines shall be
equipped with devices that will stop the machine quickly in an
emergency. The devices shall consist of push buttons for electric motive
power (or electrically operated engine stops), pull cords connected
directly to the prime mover, control clutches, or other devices,
interlocked with adequate braking action. The devices shall be tested
periodically by making use of them when stopping the machine and shall
be so located that any person working on the machine can quickly
disconnect the machine from the source of power in case of emergency.
(2) Drives. (i) All drives shall be provided with lockout devices at
the power switch which interrupts the flow of current to the unit.
(ii) All ends of rotating shafts including dryer drum shafts shall
be completely guarded.
(iii) All accessible disengaged doctor blades should be covered.
(iv) All exposed shafts shall be guarded. Crossovers shall be
provided.
(v) Oil cups and grease fittings shall be placed in a safe area
remote from nip and heat hazards.
(3) Protective equipment. Face shields, aprons, and rubber gloves
shall be provided for workmen handling acids in accordance with
paragraphs (b)(2) and (d)(1) of this section.
(4)-(5) [Reserved]
[[Page 705]]
(6) Steps. Steps of uniform rise and tread with nonslip surfaces
shall be provided at each press in accordance with American National
Standard A12.1--1967.
(7) Plank walkways. A removable plank shall be provided along each
press, with standard guardrails installed. The planks shall have nonslip
surfaces in accordance with paragraph (b)(3) of this section.
(8) Dryer lubrication. If a gear bearing must be oiled while the
machine is in operation, an automatic oiling device to protect the oiler
shall be provided, or oil cups and grease fittings shall be placed along
the walkways out of reach of hot pipes and dryer gears.
(9) Levers. All levers carrying weights shall be constructed so that
weights will not slip or fall off.
(10) First dryer. Either a permanent guardrail or apron guard or
both shall be installed in front of the first dryer in each section in
accordance with paragraph (b)(1) of this section.
(11) Steam and hot-water pipes. All exposed steam and hot-water
pipes within 7 feet of the floor or working platform or within 15 inches
measured horizontally from stairways, ramps, or fixed ladders shall be
covered with an insulating material, or guarded in such manner as to
prevent contact.
(12) Dryer gears. Dryer gears shall be guarded excepting where the
oilers' walkway is removed out of reach of the gears' nips and spokes
and hot pipes in accordance with American National Standard B15.1--1953
(reaffirmed 1958).
(13) Broke hole. (i) A guardrail shall be provided at broke holes in
accordance with American National Standard A12.1--1967.
(ii) Where pulpers are located directly below the broke hole on a
paper machine and where the broke hole opening is large enough to permit
a worker to fall through, any employee pushing broke down the hole shall
wear a safety belt attached to a safety belt line. The safety belt line
shall be fastened in such a manner that it is impossible for the person
to fall into the pulper.
(iii) An alarm bell or a flashing light shall be actuated before
dropping material through the broke hole.
(14) Feeder belt. A feeder belt or other effective device shall be
provided for starting paper through the calender stack.
(15) Steps. Steps or ladders of uniform rise and tread with nonslip
surfaces shall be provided at each calender stack. Handrails and hand
grips shall be provided at each calender stack in accordance with
American National Standard A12.1--1967.
(16) [Reserved]
(17) Sole plates. All exposed sole plates between dryers, calenders,
reels, and rewinders shall have a nonskid surface.
(18) Nip points. The hazard of the nip points on all calender rolls
shall be eliminated or minimized by means of an effective barrier
device, or by feeding the paper into the rolls by means of a rope
carrier, air jets, or hand feeding devices.
(19) Platforms. [Reserved]
(20) Scrapers. Alloy steel scrapers with pullthrough blades
approximately 3 by 5 inches in size shall be used to remove ``scabs''
from calender rolls.
(21) Illumination. Permanent lighting shall be installed in all
areas where employees are required to make machine adjustments and sheet
transfers in accordance with the American National Standard A11.1--1965
(R 1970).
(22) Control panels. All control panel handles and buttons shall be
protected from accidental contact.
(23) [Reserved]
(24) Lifting reels. (i) The reels shall stop rotating before being
lifted from bearings.
(ii) All lifting equipment (clamps, cables, and slings) shall be
maintained in a safe condition and inspected regularly.
(iii) Reel shafts with square block ends shall be guarded.
(25) Feeder belts. Feeder belts, carrier ropes, air carriage, or
other equally effective means shall be provided for starting paper into
the nip or drum-type reels.
(26) Inrunning nip. (i) Where the nipping points of all drum winders
and rewinders is on the operator's side, it shall be guarded by barrier
guards interlocked with the drive mechanism.
(ii) [Reserved]
(27) Core collars. Set screws for securing core collars to winding
and
[[Page 706]]
unwinding shafts shall not protrude above the face of the collar. All
edges of the collar with which an operator's hand comes in contact shall
be beveled to remove all sharp corners.
(28) Slitter knives. Slitter knives shall be guarded so as to
prevent accidental contact. Carriers shall be provided and used for
transportation of slitter knives.
(29) Winder shaft. The winder shall have a guide rail to align the
shaft for easy entrance into the opened rewind shaft bearing housings.
(30) Core shaft. When the core shaft weighs in excess of the safe
standard, a mechanical device such as a dolly shall be provided for
carrying all or part of the weight when it is being removed from the set
of paper and placed in the dressing brackets on the winder.
(31) Winder area. A nonskid surface shall be provided in the front
vicinity of the winder to prevent accidental slipping.
(32) Radiation. Special standards regarding the use of radiation
equipment shall be posted and followed as required by Sec. 1910.96.
(l) Finishing room--(1) Cleaning rolls. Rolls shall be cleaned only
on the outrunning side.
(2) Emergency stops. Electrically or manually operated quick power
disconnecting devices, interlocked with braking action, shall be
provided on all operating sides of the machine within easy reach of all
employees. These devices shall be tested by making use of them when
stopping the machine.
(3) Core collars. The requirements of paragraph (k)(27) of this
section and the American National Standard B15.1--1953 (reaffirmed 1958)
shall apply.
(4) Elevators. These shall be in accordance with American National
Standard A17.1--1965.
(5) Control panels. The requirements of paragraph (k)(22) of this
section shall apply.
(6) Guillotine-type cutters. (i) Each guillotine-type cutter shall
be equipped with a control which requires the operator and his helper,
if any, to use both hands to engage the clutch.
(ii) Each guillotine-type cutter shall be equipped with a nonrepeat
device.
(iii) Carriers shall be provided and used for transportation of
guillotine-type cutter knives.
(7) Rotary cutter. (i) On single-knife machines a guard shall be
provided at a point of contact to the knife.
(ii) On duplex cutters the protection required for single-knife
machines shall be provided for the first knife, and a hood shall be
provided for the second knife.
(iii) Safe access shall be provided to the knives of a rotary cutter
by means of catwalks with nonslip surfaces, railings, and toeboards in
accordance with paragraph (b)(3) of this section.
(iv) A guard shall be provided for the spreader or squeeze roll at
the nip side on sheet cutters.
(v) Electrically or manually operated quick power disconnecting
devices with adequate braking action shall be provided on all operating
sides of the machine within easy reach of all operators.
(vi) The outside slitters shall be guarded.
(8) Platers. (i) A guard shall be arranged across the face of the
rolls to serve as a warning that the operator's hand is approaching the
danger zone.
(ii) A quick power disconnecting device shall be installed on each
machine within easy reach of the operator.
(9) Finishing room rewinders. (i) The nipping points of all drum
winders and rewinders located on the operator's side shall be guarded by
either automatic or manually operated barrier guards of sufficient
height to protect fully anyone working around them. The barrier guard
shall be interlocked with the drive mechanism to prevent operating above
jog speed without the guard in place.
A zero speed switch should be installed to prevent the guard from being
raised while the roll is turning.
(ii) A nonskid surface shall be provided in front of the rewinder to
prevent an employee from slipping in accordance with paragraph (b)(3) of
this section.
(iii) Mechanical lifting devices shall be provided for placing and
removing rolls from the machine.
(10) Control panels. The requirements of paragraph (k)(22) of this
section shall apply.
[[Page 707]]
(11) Roll-type embosser. The nipping point located on the operator's
side shall be guarded by either automatic or manually operated barrier
guards interlocked with the drive.
(12) Sorting and counting tables. (i) Tables shall be smooth and
free from splinters, with edges and corners rounded.
(ii) Paddles shall be smooth and free from splinters.
(13) Roll splitters. The nip point and cutter knife shall be guarded
by either automatic or manually operated barrier guards.
(m) Materials handling--(1) Hand trucks. No person shall be
permitted to ride on a powered hand truck unless it is so designed by
the manufacturer. A limit switch shall be on operating handle--30
degrees each way from a 45-degree angle up and down.
(2) [Reserved]
(3) Cartons. The carton-stitching machine shall be guarded to
prevent the operator from coming in contact with the stitching head.
(4) [Reserved]
(5) Unloading cars. Flag signals, derails, or other protective
devices shall be used to protect men during switching operations. The
blue flag policy shall be invoked according to paragraph (c)(9)(i) of
this section.
[39 FR 23502, June 27, 1974, as amended at 40 FR 23073, May 28, 1975; 43
FR 49751, Oct. 24, 1978; 49 FR 5323, Feb. 10, 1984; 55 FR 32015, Aug. 6,
1990; 61 FR 9241, Mar. 7, 1996; 63 FR 1285, Jan. 8, 1998; 63 FR 33467,
June 18, 1998]
