[Code of Federal Regulations]
[Title 29, Volume 5]
[Revised as of January 1, 2007]
From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access
[CITE: 29CFR1910.211]
[Page 599-606]
TITLE 29--LABOR
CHAPTER XVII--OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT
OF LABOR
PART 1910_OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH STANDARDS--Table of Contents
Subpart O_Machinery and Machine Guarding
Sec. 1910.211 Definitions.
Authority: Sections 4, 6, and 8 of the Occupational Safety and
Health Act of 1970 (29 U.S.C. 653, 655, 657); Secretary of Labor's Order
No. 12-71 (36 FR 8754), 8-76 (41 FR 25059), 9-83 (48 FR 35736), 1-90 (55
FR 9033), or 5-2002 (67 FR 65008), as applicable; 29 CFR part 1911.
Sections 1910.217 and 1910.219 also issued under 5 U.S.C. 553.
(a) As used in Sec. Sec. 1910.213 and 1910.214 unless the context
clearly requires otherwise, the following woodworking machinery terms
shall have the meaning prescribed in this paragraph.
(1) Point of operations means that point at which cutting, shaping,
boring, or forming is accomplished upon the stock.
(2) Push stick means a narrow strip of wood or other soft material
with a notch cut into one end and which is used to push short pieces of
material through saws.
(3) Block means a short block of wood, provided with a handle
similar to that of a plane and a shoulder at the rear end, which is used
for pushing short stock over revolving cutters.
(b) As used in Sec. 1910.215 unless the context clearly requires
otherwise, the following abrasive wheel machinery terms shall have the
meanings prescribed in this paragraph.
(1) Type 1 straight wheels means wheels having diameter, thickness,
and hole size dimensions, and they should be used only on the periphery.
Type 1 wheels shall be mounted between flanges.
Limitation: Hole dimension (H) should not be greater than two-thirds
of wheel diameter dimension (D) for precision, cylindrical, centerless,
or surface grinding applications. Maximum hole size for all other
applications should not exceed one-half wheel diameter.
Figure No. 0-1--Type 1 Straight Wheels
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TC27OC91.052
Type 1--Straight Wheel
Peripheral grinding wheel having a diameter, thickness and hole.
(2) Type 2 cylinder wheels means wheels having diameter, wheel
thickness, and rim thickness dimensions. Grinding is performed on the
rim face only, dimension W. Cylinder wheels may be plain, plate mounted,
inserted nut, or of the projecting stud type.
Limitation: Rim height, T dimension, is generally equal to or
greater than rim thickness, W dimension.
[[Page 600]]
Figure No. 0-2--Type 2 Cylinder Wheels
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TC27OC91.053
Type 2--Cylinder Wheel
Side grinding wheel having a diameter, thickness and wall--wheel is
mounted on the diameter.
(3) Type 6 straight cup wheels means wheels having diameter,
thickness, hole size, rim thickness, and back thickness dimensions.
Grinding is always performed on rim face, W dimension.
Limitation: Minimum back thickness, E dimension, should not be less
than one-fourth T dimension. In addition, when unthreaded hole wheels
are specified, the inside flat, K dimension, must be large enough to
accommodate a suitable flange.
Figure No. 0-3--Type 6 Straight Cup Wheels
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TC27OC91.054
Type 6--Straight-cup Wheel
Side grinding wheel having a diameter, thickness and hole with one side
straight or flat and the opposite side recessed. This type, however,
differs from Type 5 in that the grinding is performed on the wall of the
abrasive created by the difference between the diameter of the recess
and the outside diameter of the wheel. Therefore, the wall dimension
``W'' takes precedence over the diameter of the recess as an essential
intermediate dimension to describe this shape type.
(4) Type 11 flaring cup wheels mean wheels having double diameter
dimensions D and J, and in addition have thickness, hole size, rim and
back thickness dimensions. Grinding is always performed on rim face, W
dimension. Type 11 wheels are subject to all limitations of use and
mounting listed for type 6 straight sided cup wheels definition.
Limitation: Minimum back thickness, E dimension, should not be less
than one-fourth T dimension. In addition when unthreaded hole wheels are
specified the inside flat, K dimension, shall be large enough to
accommodate a suitable flange.
Figure No. 0-4--Type 11 Flaring Cup Wheels
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TC27OC91.055
Type 11--Flaring-cup Wheel
Side grinding wheel having a wall flared or tapered outward from the
back. Wall thickness at the back is normally greater than at the
grinding face (W).
(5) Modified types 6 and 11 wheels (terrazzo) mean some type 6 and
11 cup wheels used in the terrazzo trade having tapered K dimensions to
match a special tapered flange furnished by the machine builder.
Limitation: These wheels shall be mounted only with a special
tapered flange.
Figure No. 0-5
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TC27OC91.056
Typical examples of modified types 6 and 11 wheels (terrazzo) showing
tapered K dimensions.
(6) Types 27 and 28 depressed center wheels mean wheels having
diameter, thickness, and hole size dimensions. Both types are
reinforced, organic
[[Page 601]]
bonded wheels having offset hubs which permit side and peripheral
grinding operations without interference with the mounting. Type 27
wheels are manufactured with flat grinding rims permitting notching and
cutting operations. Type 28 wheels have saucer shaped grinding rims.
(i) Limitations: Special supporting, back adapter and inside flange
nuts are required for the proper mounting of these types of wheels
subject to limitations of Sec. 1910.215(c)(4) (i) and (ii).
(ii) Mounts which are affixed to the wheel by the manufacturer may
not require an inside nut and shall not be reused.
(7) Type 27A depressed center, cutting-off wheels mean wheels having
diameter, thickness, and hole size dimensions. They are reinforced,
organic bonded, offset hub type wheels, usually 16 inches diameter and
larger, specially designed for use on cutting-off machines where
mounting nut or outer flange interference cannot be tolerated.
Limitations: See Sec. 1910.215(c)(1).
(8) Surface feet per minute (s.f.p.m.) means the distance in feet
any one abrasive grain on the peripheral surface of a grinding wheel
travels in 1 minute.
Surface Feet Per Minute= 3.1416xdiameter in inchesxr.p.m./12 or
.262xdiameter in inchesxr.p.m.
Examples: (a) 24-inch diameter wheel, 1,000 revolutions per minute.
Surface Feet per minute .262x24x1,000=6,288 s.f.p.m.
(b) 12-inch diameter wheel, 1,000 revolutions per minute. Surface
Feet per minute .262x12x1,000=3,144 s.f.p.m.
(9) Flanges means collars, discs or plates between which wheels are
mounted and are referred to as adaptor, sleeve, or back up type. See
paragraph (c) of Sec. 1910.215 for full description.
(10) Snagging means grinding which removes relatively large amounts
of material without regard to close tolerances or surface finish
requirements.
(11) Off-hand grinding means the grinding of any material or part
which is held in the operator's hand.
(12) Safety guard means an enclosure designed to restrain the pieces
of the grinding wheel and furnish all possible protection in the event
that the wheel is broken in operation. See paragraph (b) of Sec.
1910.215.
(13) Cutting off wheels means wheels having diameter thickness and
hole size dimensions and are subject to all limitations of mounting and
use listed for type 1 wheels, the definition in subparagraph (1) of this
paragraph and paragraph (d) of Sec. 1910.215. They may be steel
centered, diamond abrasive or organic bonded abrasive of the plain or
reinforced type.
(i) Limitation: Cutting off wheels are recommended only for use on
specially designed and fully guarded machines and are subject to the
following maximum thickness and hole size limitations.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Max.
Wheel diameter thickness
(inch)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
6 inch and smaller.......................................... \3/18\
Larger than 6 inches to 12 inches........................... \1/4\
Larger than 12 inches to 23 inches.......................... \3/8\
Larger than 23 inches....................................... \1/2\
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(ii) Maximum hole size for cutting-off wheels should not be larger
than \1/4\-wheel diameter.
(14) Abrasive wheel means a cutting tool consisting of abrasive
grains held together by organic or inorganic bonds. Diamond and
reinforced wheels are included.
(15) Organic wheels means wheels which are bonded by means of an
organic material such as resin, rubber, shellac, or other similar
bonding agent.
(16) Inorganic wheels means wheels which are bonded by means of
inorganic material such as clay, glass, porcelain, sodium silicate,
magnesium oxychloride, or metal. Wheels bonded with clay, glass,
porcelain or related ceramic materials are characterized as vitrified
bonded wheels.
(c) As used in Sec. 1910.216, unless the context clearly requires
otherwise, the following mills and calenders in the rubber and plastic
industries terms shall have the meanings prescribed in this paragraph.
(1) Bite means the nip point between any two inrunning rolls.
(2) Calender means a machine equipped with two or more metal rolls
revolving in opposite directions and used for continuously sheeting or
plying up rubber and plastics compounds
[[Page 602]]
and for frictioning or coating materials with rubber and plastics
compounds.
(3) Mill means a machine consisting of two adjacent metal rolls, set
horizontally, which revolve in opposite directions (i.e., toward each
other as viewed from above) used for the mechanical working of rubber
and plastics compounds.
(d) As used in Sec. 1910.217, unless the context clearly requires
otherwise, the following power press terms shall have the meaning
prescribed in this paragraph.
(1) Antirepeat means the part of the clutch/brake control system
designed to limit the press to a single stroke if the tripping means is
held operated. Antirepeat requires release of all tripping mechanisms
before another stroke can be initiated. Antirepeat is also called single
stroke reset or reset circuit.
(2) Brake means the mechanism used on a mechanical power press to
stop and/or hold the crankshaft, either directly or through a gear
train, when the clutch is disengaged.
(3) Bolster plate means the plate attached to the top of the bed of
the press having drilled holes or T-slots for attaching the lower die or
die shoe.
(4) Clutch means the coupling mechanism used on a mechanical power
press to couple the flywheel to the crankshaft, either directly or
through a gear train.
(5) Full revolution clutch means a type of clutch that, when
tripped, cannot be disengaged until the crankshaft has completed a full
revolution and the press slide a full stroke.
(6) Part revolution clutch means a type of clutch that can be
disengaged at any point before the crankshaft has completed a full
revolution and the press slide a full stroke.
(7) Direct drive means the type of driving arrangement wherein no
clutch is used; coupling and decoupling of the driving torque is
accomplished by energization and deenergization of a motor. Even though
not employing a clutch, direct drives match the operational
characteristics of ``part revolution clutches'' because the driving
power may be disengaged during the stroke of the press.
(8) Concurrent means acting in conjunction, and is used to describe
a situation wherein two or more controls exist in an operated condition
at the same time.
(9) Continuous means uninterrupted multiple strokes of the slide
without intervening stops (or other clutch control action) at the end of
individual strokes.
(10) Counterbalance means the mechanism that is used to balance or
support the weight of the connecting rods, slide, and slide attachments.
(11) Device means a press control or attachment that:
(i) Restrains the operator from inadvertently reaching into the
point of operation, or
(ii) Prevents normal press operation if the operator's hands are
inadvertently within the point of operation, or
(iii) Automatically withdraws the operator's hands if the operator's
hands are inadvertently within the point of operation as the dies close,
or
(iv) Prevents the initiation of a stroke, or stops of stroke in
progress, when there is an intrusion through the sensing field by any
part of the operator's body or by any other object.
(12) Presence sensing device means a device designed, constructed
and arranged to create a sensing field or area that signals the clutch/
brake control to deactivate the clutch and activate the brake of the
press when any part of the operator's body or a hand tool is within such
field or area.
(13) Gate or movable barrier device means a movable barrier arranged
to enclose the point of operation before the press stroke can be
started.
(14) Holdout or restraint device means a mechanism, including
attachments for operator's hands, that when anchored and adjusted
prevent the operator's hands from entering the point of operation.
(15) Pull-out device means a mechanism attached to the operator's
hands and connected to the upper die or slide of the press, that is
designed, when properly adjusted, to withdraw the operator's hands as
the dies close, if the operator's hands are inadvertently within the
point of operation.
(16) Sweep device means a single or double arm (rod) attached to the
upper
[[Page 603]]
die or slide of the press and designed to move the operator's hands to a
safe position as the dies close, if the operator's hands are
inadvertently within the point of operation.
(17) Two hand control device means a two hand trip that further
requires concurrent pressure from both hands of the operator during a
substantial part of the die-closing portion of the stroke of the press.
(18) Die means the tooling used in a press for cutting or forming
material. An upper and a lower die make a complete set.
(19) Die builder means any person who builds dies for power presses.
(20) Die set means a tool holder held in alignment by guide posts
and bushings and consisting of a lower shoe, an upper shoe or punch
holder, and guide posts and bushings.
(21) Die setter means an individual who places or removes dies in or
from mechanical power presses, and who, as a part of his duties, makes
the necessary adjustments to cause the tooling to function properly and
safely.
(22) Die setting means the process of placing or removing dies in or
from a mechanical power press, and the process of adjusting the dies,
other tooling and safeguarding means to cause them to function properly
and safely.
(23) Die shoe means a plate or block upon which a die holder is
mounted. A die shoe functions primarily as a base for the complete die
assembly, and, when used, is bolted or clamped to the bolster plate or
the face of slide.
(24) Ejector means a mechanism for removing work or material from
between the dies.
(25) Face of slide means the bottom surface of the slide to which
the punch or upper die is generally attached.
(26) Feeding means the process of placing or removing material
within or from the point of operation.
(27) Automatic feeding means feeding wherein the material or part
being processed is placed within or removed from the point of operation
by a method or means not requiring action by an operator on each stroke
of the press.
(28) Semiautomatic feeding means feeding wherein the material or
part being processed is placed within or removed from the point of
operation by an auxiliary means controlled by operator on each stroke of
the press.
(29) Manual feeding means feeding wherein the material or part being
processed is handled by the operator on each stroke of the press.
(30) Foot control means the foot operated control mechanism designed
to be used with a clutch or clutch/brake control system.
(31) Foot pedal means the foot operated lever designed to operate
the mechanical linkage that trips a full revolution clutch.
(32) Guard means a barrier that prevents entry of the operator's
hands or fingers into the point of operation.
(33) Die enclosure guard means an enclosure attached to the die shoe
or stripper, or both, in a fixed position.
(34) Fixed barrier guard means a die space barrier attached to the
press frame.
(35) Interlocked press barrier guard means a barrier attached to the
press frame and interlocked so that the press stroke cannot be started
normally unless the guard itself, or its hinged or movable sections,
enclose the point of operation.
(36) Adjustable barrier guard means a barrier requiring adjustment
for each job or die setup.
(37) Guide post means the pin attached to the upper or lower die
shoe operating within the bushing on the opposing die shoe, to maintain
the alignment of the upper and lower dies.
(38) Hand feeding tool means any hand held tool designed for placing
or removing material or parts to be processed within or from the point
of operation.
(39) Inch means an intermittent motion imparted to the slide (on
machines using part revolution clutches) by momentary operation of the
Inch operating means. Operation of the Inch operating means engages the
driving clutch so that a small portion of one stroke or indefinite
stroking can occur, depending upon the length of time the Inch operating
means is held operated. Inch is a function used by the die setter for
setup of dies and tooling, but is not intended for use during production
operations by the operator.
[[Page 604]]
(40) Jog means an intermittent motion imparted to the slide by
momentary operation of the drive motor, after the clutch is engaged with
the flywheel at rest.
(41) Knockout means a mechanism for releasing material from either
die.
(42) Liftout means the mechanism also known as knockout.
(43) Operator's station means the complete complement of controls
used by or available to an operator on a given operation for stroking
the press.
(44) Pinch point means any point other than the point of operation
at which it is possible for a part of the body to be caught between the
moving parts of a press or auxiliary equipment, or between moving and
stationary parts of a press or auxiliary equipment or between the
material and moving part or parts of the press or auxiliary equipment.
(45) Point of operation means the area of the press where material
is actually positioned and work is being performed during any process
such as shearing, punching, forming, or assembling.
(46) Press means a mechanically powered machine that shears,
punches, forms or assembles metal or other material by means of cutting,
shaping, or combination dies attached to slides. A press consists of a
stationary bed or anvil, and a slide (or slides) having a controlled
reciprocating motion toward and away from the bed surface, the slide
being guided in a definite path by the frame of the press.
(47) Repeat means an unintended or unexpected successive stroke of
the press resulting from a malfunction.
(48) Safety block means a prop that, when inserted between the upper
and lower dies or between the bolster plate and the face of the slide,
prevents the slide from falling of its own deadweight.
(49) Single stroke means one complete stroke of the slide, usually
initiated from a full open (or up) position, followed by closing (or
down), and then a return to the full open position.
(50) Single stroke mechanism means an arrangement used on a full
revolution clutch to limit the travel of the slide to one complete
stroke at each engagement of the clutch.
(51) Slide means the main reciprocating press member. A slide is
also called a ram, plunger, or platen.
(52) Stop control means an operator control designed to immediately
deactivate the clutch control and activate the brake to stop slide
motion.
(53) Stripper means a mechanism or die part for removing the parts
or material from the punch.
(54) Stroking selector means the part of the clutch/brake control
that determines the type of stroking when the operating means is
actuated. The stroking selector generally includes positions for ``Off''
(Clutch Control), ``Inch,'' ``Single Stroke,'' and ``Continuous'' (when
Continuous is furnished).
(55) Trip or (tripping) means activation of the clutch to ``run''
the press.
(56) Turnover bar means a bar used in die setting to manually turn
the crankshaft of the press.
(57) Two-hand trip means a clutch actuating means requiring the
concurrent use of both hands of the operator to trip the press.
(58) Unitized tooling means a type of die in which the upper and
lower members are incorporated into a selfcontained unit so arranged as
to hold the die members in alignment.
(59) Control system means sensors, manual input and mode selection
elements, interlocking and decision-making circuitry, and output
elements to the press operating mechanism.
(60) Brake monitor means a sensor designed, constructed, and
arranged to monitor the effectiveness of the press braking system.
(61) Presence sensing device initiation means an operating mode of
indirect manual initiation of a single stroke by a presence sensing
device when it senses that work motions of the operator, related to
feeding and/or removing parts, are completed and all parts of the
operator's body or hand tools are safely clear of the point of
operation.
(62) Safety system means the integrated total system, including the
pertinent elements of the press, the controls, the safeguarding and any
required supplemental safeguarding, and their interfaces with the
operator, and the environment, designed, constructed and arranged to
operate together as a
[[Page 605]]
unit, such that a single failure or single operating error will not
cause injury to personnel due to point of operation hazards.
(63) Authorized person means one to whom the authority and
responsibility to perform a specific assignment has been given by the
employer.
(64) Certification or certify means, in the case of design
certification/validation, that the manufacturer has reviewed and tested
the design and manufacture, and in the case of installation
certification/validation and annual recertification/revalidation, that
the employer has reviewed and tested the installation, and concludes in
both cases that the requirements of Sec. 1910.217 (a) through (h) and
appendix A have been met. The certifications are made to the validation
organization.
(65) Validation or validate means for PSDI safety systems that an
OSHA recognized third-party validation organization:
(i) For design certification/validation has reviewed the
manufacturer's certification that the PSDI safety system meets the
requirements of Sec. 1910.217 (a) through (h) and appendix A and the
underlying tests and analyses performed by the manufacturer, has
performed additional tests and analyses which may be required by Sec.
1910.217 (a) through (h) and appendix A, and concludes that the
requirements of Sec. 1910.217 (a) through (h) and appendix A have been
met; and
(ii) For installation certification/validation and annual
recertification/revalidation has reviewed the employer's certification
that the PSDI safety system meets the requirements of Sec. 1910.217 (a)
through (h) and appendix A and the underlying tests performed by the
employer, has performed additional tests and analyses which may be
required by Sec. 1910.217 (a) through (h) and appendix A, and concludes
that the requirements of Sec. 1910.217 (a) through (h) and appendix A
have been met.
(66) Certification/validation and certify/validate means the
combined process of certification and validation.
(e) As used in Sec. 1910.218, unless the context clearly requires
otherwise, the following forging and hot metal terms shall have the
meaning prescribed in this paragraph.
(1) Forging means the product of work on metal formed to a desired
shape by impact or pressure in hammers, forging machines (upsetters),
presses, rolls, and related forming equipment. Forging hammers,
counterblow equipment and high-energy-rate forging machines impart
impact to the workpiece, while most other types of forging equipment
impart squeeze pressure in shaping the stock. Some metals can be forged
at room temperature, but the majority of metals are made more plastic
for forging by heating.
(2) Open framehammers (or blacksmith hammers) mean hammers used
primarily for the shaping of forgings by means of impact with flat dies.
Open frame hammers generally are so constructed that the anvil assembly
is separate from the operating mechanism and machine supports; it rests
on its own independent foundation. Certain exceptions are forging
hammers made with frame mounted on the anvil; e.g., the smaller, single-
frame hammers are usually made with the anvil and frame in one piece.
(3) Steam hammers mean a type of drop hammer where the ram is raised
for each stroke by a double-action steam cylinder and the energy
delivered to the workpiece is supplied by the velocity and weight of the
ram and attached upper die driven downward by steam pressure. Energy
delivered during each stroke may be varied.
(4) Gravity hammers mean a class of forging hammer wherein energy
for forging is obtained by the mass and velocity of a freely falling ram
and the attached upper die. Examples: board hammers and air-lift
hammers.
(5) Forging presses mean a class of forging equipment wherein the
shaping of metal between dies is performed by mechanical or hydraulic
pressure, and usually is accomplished with a single workstroke of the
press for each die station.
(6) Trimming presses mean a class of auxiliary forging equipment
which removes flash or excess metal from a forging. This trimming
operation can also be done cold, as can coining, a product sizing
operation.
(7) High-energy-rate forging machines mean a class of forging
equipment wherein high ram velocities resulting
[[Page 606]]
from the sudden release of a compressed gas against a free piston impart
impact to the workpiece.
(8) Forging rolls mean a class of auxiliary forging equipment
wherein stock is shaped between power driven rolls bearing contoured
dies. Usually used for preforming, roll forging is often employed to
reduce thickness and increase length of stock.
(9) Ring rolls mean a class for forging equipment used for shaping
weldless rings from pierced discs or thick-walled, ring-shaped blanks
between rolls which control wall thickness, ring diameter, height and
contour.
(10) Bolt-headers mean the same as an upsetter or forging machine
except that the diameter of stock fed into the machine is much smaller,
i.e., commonly three-fourths inch or less.
(11) Rivet making machines mean the same as upsetters and
boltheaders when producing rivets with stock diameter of 1-inch or more.
Rivet making with less than 1-inch diameter is usually a cold forging
operation, and therefore not included in this subpart.
(12) Upsetters (or forging machines, or headers) type of forging
equipment, related to the mechanical press, in which the main forming
energy is applied horizontally to the workpiece which is gripped and
held by prior action of the dies.
(f) As used in Sec. 1910.219, unless the context clearly requires
otherwise, the following mechanical power-transmission guarding terms
shall have the meaning prescribed in this paragraph.
(1) Belts include all power transmission belts, such as flat belts,
round belts, V-belts, etc., unless otherwise specified.
(2) Belt shifter means a device for mechanically shifting belts from
tight to loose pulleys or vice versa, or for shifting belts on cones of
speed pulleys.
(3) Belt pole (sometimes called a belt shipper or shipper pole,)
means a device used in shifting belts on and off fixed pulleys on line
or countershaft where there are no loose pulleys.
(4) Exposed to contact means that the location of an object is such
that a person is likely to come into contact with it and be injured.
(5) Flywheels include flywheels, balance wheels, and flywheel
pulleys mounted and revolving on crankshaft of engine or other shafting.
(6) Maintenance runway means any permanent runway or platform used
for oiling, maintenance, running adjustment, or repair work, but not for
passageway.
(7) Nip-point belt and pulley guard means a device which encloses
the pulley and is provided with rounded or rolled edge slots through
which the belt passes.
(8) Point of operation means that point at which cutting, shaping,
or forming is accomplished upon the stock and shall include such other
points as may offer a hazard to the operator in inserting or
manipulating the stock in the operation of the machine.
(9) Prime movers include steam, gas, oil, and air engines, motors,
steam and hydraulic turbines, and other equipment used as a source of
power.
(10) Sheaves mean grooved pulleys, and shall be so classified unless
used as flywheels.
[39 FR 23502, June 27, 1974, as amended at 39 FR 41846, Dec. 3, 1974; 53
FR 8353, Mar. 14, 1988]
