[Code of Federal Regulations]
[Title 29, Volume 5]
[Revised as of January 1, 2007]
From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access
[CITE: 29CFR1910.181]
[Page 568-574]
TITLE 29--LABOR
CHAPTER XVII--OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT
OF LABOR
PART 1910_OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH STANDARDS--Table of Contents
Subpart N_Materials Handling and Storage
Sec. 1910.181 Derricks.
(a) Definitions applicable to this section. (1) A derrick is an
apparatus consisting of a mast or equivalent member held at the head by
guys or braces, with or without a boom, for use with a hoisting
mechanism and operating ropes.
(2) A-frame derrick means a derrick in which the boom is hinged from
a cross member between the bottom ends of two upright members spread
apart at the lower ends and joined at the top; the boom point secured to
the junction of the side members, and the side members are braced or
guyed from this junction point.
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TC27OC91.037
(3) A basket derrick is a derrick without a boom, similar to a gin
pole, with its base supported by ropes attached to corner posts or other
parts of the structure. The base is at a lower elevation than its
supports. The location of the base of a basket derrick can be changed by
varying the length of the rope supports. The top of the pole is secured
with multiple reeved guys to position the top of the pole to the desired
location by varying the length of the upper guy lines. The load is
raised and lowered by ropes through a sheave or block secured to the top
of the pole.
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TC27OC91.038
(4) Breast derrick means a derrick without boom. The mast consists
of two side members spread farther apart at the base than at the top and
tied together at top and bottom by rigid members. The mast is prevented
from tipping forward by guys connected to its top. The load is raised
and lowered by ropes through a sheave or block secured to the top
crosspiece.
[[Page 569]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TC27OC91.039
(5) Chicago boom derrick means a boom which is attached to a
structure, an outside upright member of the structure serving as the
mast, and the boom being stepped in a fixed socket clamped to the
upright. The derrick is complete with load, boom, and boom point swing
line falls.
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TC27OC91.040
(6) A gin pole derrick is a derrick without a boom. Its guys are so
arranged from its top as to permit leaning the mast in any direction.
The load is raised and lowered by ropes reeved through sheaves or blocks
at the top of the mast.
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TC27OC91.041
(7) Guy derrick means a fixed derrick consisting of a mast capable
of being rotated, supported in a vertical position by guys, and a boom
whose bottom end is hinged or pivoted to move in a vertical plane with a
reeved rope between the head of the mast and the boom point for raising
and lowering the boom, and a reeved rope from the boom point for raising
and lowering the load.
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TC27OC91.042
(8) Shearleg derrick means a derrick without a boom and similar to a
breast derrick. The mast, wide at the bottom and narrow at the top, is
hinged at the bottom and has its top secured by a multiple reeved guy to
permit handling loads at various radii by means of load tackle suspended
from the mast top.
(9) A stiffleg derrick is a derrick similar to a guy derrick except
that the mast is supported or held in place by two or more stiff
members, called stifflegs, which are capable of resisting either tensile
or compressive forces. Sills are generally provided to connect the lower
ends of the stifflegs to the foot of the mast.
[[Page 570]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TC27OC91.043
(10) Appointed means assigned specific responsibilities by the
employer or the employer's representative.
(11) ANSI means the American National Standards Institute.
(12) A boom is a timber or metal section or strut, pivoted or hinged
at the heel (lower end) at a location fixed in height on a frame or mast
or vertical member, and with its point (upper end) supported by chains,
ropes, or rods to the upper end of the frame, mast, or vertical member.
A rope for raising and lowering the load is reeved through sheaves or a
block at the boom point. The length of the boom shall be taken as the
straight line distance between the axis of the foot pin and the axis of
the boom point sheave pin, or where used, the axis of the upper load
block attachment pin.
(13) Boom harness means the block and sheave arrangement on the boom
point to which the topping lift cable is reeved for lowering and raising
the boom.
(14) The boom point is the outward end of the top section of the
boom.
(15) Derrick bullwheel means a horizontal ring or wheel, fastened to
the foot of a derrick, for the purpose of turning the derrick by means
of ropes leading from this wheel to a powered drum.
(16) Designated means selected or assigned by the employer or
employer's representative as being qualified to perform specific duties.
(17) Eye means a loop formed at the end of a rope by securing the
dead end to the live end at the base of the loop.
(18) A fiddle block is a block consisting of two sheaves in the same
plane held in place by the same cheek plates.
(19) The foot bearing or foot block (sill block) is the lower
support on which the mast rotates.
(20) A gudgeon pin is a pin connecting the mast cap to the mast
allowing rotation of the mast.
(21) A guy is a rope used to steady or secure the mast or other
member in the desired position.
(22) Load, working means the external load, in pounds, applied to
the derrick, including the weight of load attaching equipment such as
load blocks, shackles, and slings.
(23) Load block, lower means the assembly of sheaves, pins, and
frame suspended by the hoisting rope.
(24) Load block, upper means the assembly of sheaves, pins, and
frame suspended from the boom.
(25) Mast means the upright member of the derrick.
(26) Mast cap (spider) means the fitting at the top of the mast to
which the guys are connected.
(27) Reeving means a rope system in which the rope travels around
drums and sheaves.
(28) Rope refers to wire rope unless otherwise specified.
(29) Safety Hook means a hook with a latch to prevent slings or load
from accidentally slipping off the hook.
(30) Side loading is a load applied at an angle to the vertical
plane of the boom.
(31) The sill is a member connecting the foot block and stiffleg or
a member connecting the lower ends of a double member mast.
(32) A standby derrick is a derrick not in regular service which is
used occasionally or intermittently as required.
(33) Stiffleg means a rigid member supporting the mast at the head.
(34) Swing means rotation of the mast and/or boom for movements of
loads in a horizontal direction about the axis of rotation.
(b) General requirements--(1) Application. This section applies to
guy, stiffleg, basket, breast, gin pole, Chicago boom and A-frame
derricks of the stationary type, capable of handling loads at variable
reaches and powered by hoists through systems of rope reeving, used to
perform lifting hook
[[Page 571]]
work, single or multiple line bucket work, grab, grapple, and magnet
work. Derricks may be permanently installed for temporary use as in
construction work. The requirements of this section also apply to any
modification of these types which retain their fundamental features,
except for floating derricks.
(2) New and existing equipment. All new derricks constructed and
installed on or after August 31, 1971, shall meet the design
specifications of the American National Standard Safety Code for
Derricks, ANSI B30.6-1969, which is incorporated by reference as
specified in Sec. 1910.6.
(3) Designated personnel. Only designated personnel shall be
permitted to operate a derrick covered by this section.
(c) Load ratings--(1) Rated load marking. For permanently installed
derricks with fixed lengths of boom, guy, and mast, a substantial,
durable, and clearly legible rating chart shall be provided with each
derrick and securely affixed where it is visible to personnel
responsible for the safe operation of the equipment. The chart shall
include the following data:
(i) Manufacturer's approved load ratings at corresponding ranges of
boom angle or operating radii.
(ii) Specific lengths of components on which the load ratings are
based.
(iii) Required parts for hoist reeving. Size and construction of
rope may be shown either on the rating chart or in the operating manual.
(2) Nonpermanent installations. For nonpermanent installations, the
manufacturer shall provide sufficient information from which capacity
charts can be prepared for the particular installation. The capacity
charts shall be located at the derricks or the jobsite office.
(d) Inspection--(1) Inspection classification. (i) Prior to initial
use all new and altered derricks shall be inspected to insure compliance
with the provisions of this section.
(ii) Inspection procedure for derricks in regular service is divided
into two general classifications based upon the intervals at which
inspection should be performed. The intervals in turn are dependent upon
the nature of the critical components of the derrick and the degree of
their exposure to wear, deterioration, or malfunction. The two general
classifications are herein designated as frequent and periodic with
respective intervals between inspections as defined below:
(a) Frequent inspection--Daily to monthly intervals.
(b) Periodic inspection--1- to 12-month intervals, or as specified
by the manufacturer.
(2) Frequent inspection. Items such as the following shall be
inspected for defects at intervals as defined in paragraph (d)(1)(ii)(a)
of this section or as specifically indicated, including observation
during operation for any defects which might appear between regular
inspections. Deficiencies shall be carefully examined for any safety
hazard:
(i) All control mechanisms: Inspect daily for adjustment, wear, and
lubrication.
(ii) All chords and lacing: Inspect daily, visually.
(iii) Tension in guys: Daily.
(iv) Plumb of the mast.
(v) Deterioration or leakage in air or hydraulic systems: Daily.
(vi) Derrick hooks for deformations or cracks; for hooks with cracks
or having more than 15 percent in excess of normal throat opening or
more than 10[deg] twist from the plane of the unbent hook, refer to
paragraph (e)(3)(iii) of this section.
(vii) Rope reeving; visual inspection for noncompliance with derrick
manufacturer's recommendations.
(viii) Hoist brakes, clutches, and operating levers: check daily for
proper functioning before beginning operations.
(ix) Electrical apparatus for malfunctioning, signs of excessive
deterioration, dirt, and moisture accumulation.
(3) Periodic inspection. (i) Complete inspections of the derrick
shall be performed at intervals as generally defined in paragraph
(d)(1)(ii)(b) of this section depending upon its activity, severity of
service, and environment, or as specifically indicated below. These
inspections shall include the requirements of paragraph (d)(2) of this
section and in addition, items such as the following. Deficiencies shall
be carefully examined and a determination
[[Page 572]]
made as to whether they constitute a safety hazard:
(a) Structural members for deformations, cracks, and corrosion.
(b) Bolts or rivets for tightness.
(c) Parts such as pins, bearings, shafts, gears, sheaves, drums,
rollers, locking and clamping devices, for wear, cracks, and distortion.
(d) Gudgeon pin for cracks, wear, and distortion each time the
derrick is to be erected.
(e) Powerplants for proper performance and compliance with
applicable safety requirements.
(f) Hooks.
(ii) Foundation or supports shall be inspected for continued ability
to sustain the imposed loads.
(4) Derricks not in regular use. (i) A derrick which has been idle
for a period of 1 month or more, but less than 6 months, shall be given
an inspection conforming with requirements of paragraph (d)(2) of this
section and paragraph (g)(3) of this section before placing in service.
(ii) A derrick which has been idle for a period of over 6 months
shall be given a complete inspection conforming with requirements of
paragraphs (d) (2) and (3) of this section and paragraph (g)(3) of this
section before placing in service.
(iii) Standby derricks shall be inspected at least semiannually in
accordance with requirements of paragraph (d)(2) of this section and
paragraph (g)(3) of this section.
(e) Testing--(1) Operational tests. Prior to initial use all new and
altered derricks shall be tested to insure compliance with this section
including the following functions:
(i) Load hoisting and lowering.
(ii) Boom up and down.
(iii) Swing.
(iv) Operation of clutches and brakes of hoist.
(2) Anchorages. All anchorages shall be approved by the appointed
person. Rock and hairpin anchorages may require special testing.
(f) Maintenance--(1) Preventive maintenance. A preventive
maintenance program based on the derrick manufacturer's recommendations
shall be established.
(2) Maintenance procedure. (i) Before adjustments and repairs are
started on a derrick the following precautions shall be taken:
(a) The derrick to be repaired shall be arranged so it will cause
the least interference with other equipment and operations in the area.
(b) All hoist drum dogs shall be engaged.
(c) The main or emergency switch shall be locked in the open
position, if an electric hoist is used.
(d) Warning or out of order signs shall be placed on the derrick and
hoist.
(e) The repairs of booms of derricks shall either be made when the
booms are lowered and adequately supported or safely tied off.
(f) A good communication system shall be set up between the hoist
operator and the appointed individual in charge of derrick operations
before any work on the equipment is started.
(ii) After adjustments and repairs have been made the derrick shall
not be operated until all guards have been reinstalled, safety devices
reactivated, and maintenance equipment removed.
(3) Adjustments and repairs. (i) Any unsafe conditions disclosed by
inspection shall be corrected before operation of the derrick is
resumed.
(ii) Adjustments shall be maintained to assure correct functioning
of components.
(iii) Repairs or replacements shall be provided promptly as needed
for safe operation. The following are examples of conditions requiring
prompt repair or replacement:
(a) Hooks showing defects described in paragraph (d)(2)(vi) of this
section shall be discarded.
(b) All critical parts which are cracked, broken, bent, or
excessively worn.
(c) [Reserved]
(d) All replacement and repaired parts shall have at least the
original safety factor.
(g) Rope inspection--(1) Running ropes. A thorough inspection of all
ropes in use shall be made at least once a month and a certification
record which includes the date of inspection, the signature of the
person who performed the inspection, and an identifier for the
[[Page 573]]
ropes which were inspected shall be prepared and kept on file where
readily available. Any deterioration, resulting in appreciable loss of
original strength shall be carefully observed and determination made as
to whether further use of the rope would constitute a safety hazard.
Some of the conditions that could result in an appreciable loss of
strength are the following:
(i) Reduction of rope diameter below nominal diameter due to loss of
core support, internal or external corrosion, or wear of outside wires.
(ii) A number of broken outside wires and the degree of distribution
or concentration of such broken wires.
(iii) Worn outside wires.
(iv) Corroded or broken wires at end connections.
(v) Corroded, cracked, bent, worn, or improperly applied end
connections.
(vi) Severe kinking, crushing, cutting, or unstranding.
(2) Limited travel ropes. Heavy wear and/or broken wires may occur
in sections in contact with equalizer sheaves or other sheaves where
rope travel is limited, or with saddles. Particular care shall be taken
to inspect ropes at these locations.
(3) Idle ropes. All rope which has been idle for a period of a month
or more due to shutdown or storage of a derrick on which it is installed
shall be given a thorough inspection before it is used. This inspection
shall be for all types of deterioration. A certification record shall be
prepared and kept readily available which includes the date of
inspection, the signature of the person who performed the inspection,
and an identifier for the ropes which were inspected.
(4) Nonrotating ropes. Particular care shall be taken in the
inspection of nonrotating rope.
(h) Operations of derricks. Derrick operations shall be directed
only by the individual specifically designated for that purpose.
(i) Handling the load--(1) Size of load. (i) No derrick shall be
loaded beyond the rated load.
(ii) When loads approach the maximum rating of the derrick, it shall
be ascertained that the weight of the load has been determined within
plus or minus 10 percent before it is lifted.
(2) Attaching the load. (i) The hoist rope shall not be wrapped
around the load.
(ii) The load shall be attached to the hook by means of slings or
other suitable devices.
(3) Moving the load. (i) The load shall be well secured and properly
balanced in the sling or lifting device before it is lifted more than a
few inches.
(ii) Before starting to hoist, the following conditions shall be
noted:
(a) Hoist rope shall not be kinked.
(b) Multiple part lines shall not be twisted around each other.
(c) The hook shall be brought over the load in such a manner as to
prevent swinging.
(iii) During hoisting, care shall be taken that:
(a) There is no sudden acceleration or deceleration of the moving
load.
(b) Load does not contact any obstructions.
(iv) A derrick shall not be used for side loading except when
specifically authorized by a responsible person who has determined that
the various structural components will not be overstressed.
(v) No hoisting, lowering, or swinging shall be done while anyone is
on the load or hook.
(vi) The operator should avoid carrying loads over people.
(vii) The operator shall test the brakes each time a load
approaching the rated load is handled by raising it a few inches and
applying the brakes.
(viii) Neither the load nor boom shall be lowered below the point
where less than two full wraps of rope remain on their respective drums.
(ix) When rotating a derrick, sudden starts and stops shall be
avoided. Rotational speed shall be such that the load does not swing out
beyond the radius at which it can be controlled.
(x) Boom and hoisting rope systems shall not be twisted.
(4) Holding the load. (i) The operator shall not be allowed to leave
his position at the controls while the load is suspended.
(ii) People should not be permitted to stand or pass under a load on
the hook.
(iii) If the load must remain suspended for any considerable length
of time, a dog, or pawl and ratchet, or
[[Page 574]]
other equivalent means, rather than the brake alone, shall be used to
hold the load.
(5) Use of winch heads. (i) Ropes shall not be handled on a winch
head without the knowledge of the operator.
(ii) While a winch head is being used, the operator shall be within
convenient reach of the power unit control lever.
(6) Securing boom. Dogs, pawls, or other positive holding mechanism
on the hoist shall be engaged. When not in use, the derrick boom shall:
(i) Be laid down;
(ii) Be secured to a stationary member, as nearly under the head as
possible, by attachment of a sling to the load block; or
(iii) Be hoisted to a vertical position and secured to the mast.
(j) Other requirements--(1) Guards. (i) Exposed moving parts, such
as gears, ropes, setscrews, projecting keys, chains, chain sprockets,
and reciprocating components, which constitute a hazard under normal
operating conditions shall be guarded.
(ii) Guards shall be securely fastened.
(iii) Each guard shall be capable of supporting without permanent
distortion, the weight of a 200-pound person unless the guard is located
where it is impossible for a person to step on it.
(2) Hooks. (i) Hooks shall meet the manufacturer's recommendations
and shall not be overloaded.
(ii) Safety latch type hooks shall be used wherever possible.
(3) Fire extinguishers. (i) A carbon dioxide, dry chemical, or
equivalent fire extinguisher shall be kept in the immediate vicinity of
the derrick.
(ii) Operating and maintenance personnel shall be familiar with the
use and care of the fire extinguishers provided.
(4) Refueling. (i) Refueling with portable containers shall be done
with approved safety type containers equipped with automatic closing cap
and flame arrester. Refer to Sec. 1910.155(c)(3) for definition of
Approved.
(ii) Machines shall not be refueled with the engine running.
(5) Operations near overhead lines. For operations near overhead
electric lines, see Sec. 1910.333(c)(3).
(6) Cab or operating enclosure. (i) Necessary clothing and personal
belongings shall be stored in such a manner as to not interfere with
access or operation.
(ii) Tools, oilcans, waste, extra fuses, and other necessary
articles shall be stored in the toolbox, and shall not be permitted to
lie loose in or about the cab or operating enclosure.
[37 FR 22102, Oct. 18, 1972, as amended at 38 FR 14373, June 1, 1973; 43
FR 49750, Oct. 24, 1978; 49 FR 5323, Feb. 10, 1984; 51 FR 34561, Sept.
29, 1986; 53 FR 12122, Apr. 12, 1988; 55 FR 32015, Aug. 6, 1990; 61 FR
9240, Mar. 7, 1996]
