[Code of Federal Regulations]
[Title 29, Volume 5]
[Revised as of January 1, 2007]
From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access
[CITE: 29CFR1910.28]
[Page 130-143]
TITLE 29--LABOR
CHAPTER XVII--OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT
OF LABOR
PART 1910_OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH STANDARDS--Table of Contents
Subpart D_Walking-Working Surfaces
Sec. 1910.28 Safety requirements for scaffolding.
(a) General requirements for all scaffolds. (1) Scaffolds shall be
furnished and erected in accordance with this standard for persons
engaged in work that cannot be done safely from the ground or from solid
construction, except that ladders used for such work shall conform to
Sec. 1910.25 and Sec. 1910.26.
(2) The footing or anchorage for scaffolds shall be sound, rigid,
and capable of carrying the maximum intended load without settling or
displacement. Unstable objects such as barrels, boxes, loose brick, or
concrete blocks shall not be used to support scaffolds or planks.
(3) [Reserved]
(4) Scaffolds and their components shall be capable of supporting
without failure at least four times the maximum intended load.
(5) Scaffolds and other devices mentioned or described in this
section shall be maintained in safe condition. Scaffolds shall not be
altered or moved horizontally while they are in use or occupied.
(6) Any scaffold damaged or weakened from any cause shall be
immediately repaired and shall not be used until repairs have been
completed.
(7) Scaffolds shall not be loaded in excess of the working load for
which they are intended.
(8) All load-carrying timber members of scaffold framing shall be a
minimum of 1,500 f. (Stress Grade) construction grade lumber. All
dimensions are nominal sizes as provided in the American Lumber
Standards, except that where rough sizes are noted, only rough or
undressed lumber of the size specified will satisfy minimum
requirements. (Note: Where nominal sizes of lumber are used in place of
rough sizes, the nominal size lumber shall be such as to provide
equivalent strength to that specified in tables D-7 through D-12 and D-
16.)
(9) All planking shall be Scaffold Grade as recognized by grading
rules for the species of wood used. The maximum permissible spans for 2-
x 9-inch or wider planks are shown in the following table:
[[Page 131]]
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Material
---------------------------------------
Full thickness Nominal
undressed lumber thickness
------------------------ lumber
---------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Working load (p.s.f.)........... 25 50 75 25 50
Permissible span (ft.).......... 10 8 6 8 9
------------------------------------------------------------------------
The maximum permissible span for 1\1/4\x9-inch or wider plank of full
thickness is 4 feet with medium loading of 50 p.s.f.
(10) Nails or bolts used in the construction of scaffolds shall be
of adequate size and in sufficient numbers at each connection to develop
the designed strength of the scaffold. Nails shall not be subjected to a
straight pull and shall be driven full length.
(11) All planking or platforms shall be overlapped (minimum 12
inches) or secured from movement.
(12) An access ladder or equivalent safe access shall be provided.
(13) Scaffold planks shall extend over their end supports not less
than 6 inches nor more than 18 inches.
(14) The poles, legs, or uprights of scaffolds shall be plumb, and
securely and rigidly braced to prevent swaying and displacement.
(15) Materials being hoisted onto a scaffold shall have a tag line.
(16) Overhead protection shall be provided for men on a scaffold
exposed to overhead hazards.
(17) Scaffolds shall be provided with a screen between the toeboard
and the guardrail, extending along the entire opening, consisting of No.
18 gauge U.S. Standard Wire one-half-inch mesh or the equivalent, where
persons are required to work or pass under the scaffolds.
(18) Employees shall not work on scaffolds during storms or high
winds.
(19) Employees shall not work on scaffolds which are covered with
ice or snow, unless all ice or snow is removed and planking sanded to
prevent slipping.
(20) Tools, materials, and debris shall not be allowed to accumulate
in quantities to cause a hazard.
(21) Only treated or protected fiber rope shall be used for or near
any work involving the use of corrosive substances or chemicals.
(22) Wire or fiber rope used for scaffold suspension shall be
capable of supporting at least six times the intended load.
(23) When acid solutions are used for cleaning buildings over 50
feet in height, wire rope supported scaffolds shall be used.
(24) The use of shore scaffolds or lean-to scaffolds is prohibited.
(25) Lumber sizes, when used in this section, refer to nominal sizes
except where otherwise stated.
(26) Scaffolds shall be secured to permanent structures, through use
of anchor bolts, reveal bolts, or other equivalent means. Window
cleaners' anchor bolts shall not be used.
(27) Special precautions shall be taken to protect scaffold members,
including any wire or fiber ropes, when using a heat-producing process.
(b) General requirements for wood pole scaffolds. (1) Scaffold poles
shall bear on a foundation of sufficient size and strength to spread the
load from the poles over a sufficient area to prevent settlement. All
poles shall be set plumb.
(2) Where wood poles are spliced, the ends shall be squared and the
upper section shall rest squarely on the lower section. Wood splice
plates shall be provided on at least two adjacent sides and shall not be
less than 4 feet 0 inches in length, overlapping the abutted ends
equally, and have the same width and not less than the cross-sectional
area of the pole. Splice plates of other materials of equivalent
strength may be used.
(3) Independent pole scaffolds shall be set as near to the wall of
the building as practicable.
(4) All pole scaffolds shall be securely guyed or tied to the
building or structure. Where the height or length exceeds 25 feet, the
scaffold shall be secured at intervals not greater than 25 feet
vertically and horizontally.
(5) Putlogs or bearers shall be set with their greater dimensions
vertical, long enough to project over the ledgers of the inner and outer
rows of poles at least 3 inches for proper support.
(6) Every wooden putlog on single pole scaffolds shall be reinforced
with a
[[Page 132]]
\3/16\x2-inch steel strip or equivalent secured to its lower edge
throughout its entire length.
(7) Ledgers shall be long enough to extend over two pole spaces.
Ledgers shall not be spliced between the poles. Ledgers shall be
reinforced by bearing blocks securely nailed to the side of the pole to
form a support for the ledger.
(8) Diagonal bracing shall be provided to prevent the poles from
moving in a direction parallel with the wall of the building, or from
buckling.
(9) Cross bracing shall be provided between the inner and outer sets
of poles in independent pole scaffolds. The free ends of pole scaffolds
shall be cross braced.
(10) Full diagonal face bracing shall be erected across the entire
face of pole scaffolds in both directions. The braces shall be spliced
at the poles.
(11) Platform planks shall be laid with their edges close together
so the platform will be tight with no spaces through which tools or
fragments of material can fall.
(12) Where planking is lapped, each plank shall lap its end supports
at least 12 inches. Where the ends of planks abut each other to form a
flush floor, the butt joint shall be at the centerline of a pole. The
abutted ends shall rest on separate bearers. Intermediate beams shall be
provided where necessary to prevent dislodgment of planks due to
deflection, and the ends shall be nailed or cleated to prevent their
dislodgment.
(13) When a scaffold turns a corner, the platform planks shall be
laid to prevent tipping. The planks that meet the corner putlog at an
angle shall be laid first, extending over the diagonally placed putlog
far enough to have a good safe bearing, but not far enough to involve
any danger from tipping. The planking running in the opposite direction
at right angles shall be laid so as to extend over and rest on the first
layer of planking.
(14) When moving platforms to the next level, the old platform shall
be left undisturbed until the new putlogs or bearers have been set in
place, ready to receive the platform planks.
(15) Guardrails not less than 2 x 4 inches or the equivalent and not
less than 36 inches or more than 42 inches high, with a mid-rail, when
required, of 1 x 4-inch lumber or equivalent, and toeboards, shall be
installed at all open sides on all scaffolds more than 10 feet above the
ground or floor. Toeboards shall be a minimum of 4 inches in height.
Wire mesh shall be installed in accordance with paragraph (a)(17) of
this section.
(16) All wood pole scaffolds 60 feet or less in height shall be
constructed and erected in accordance with tables D-7 through D-12 of
this section. If they are over 60 feet in height they shall be designed
by a registered professional engineer and constructed and erected in
accordance with such design. A copy of the typical drawings and
specifications shall be made available to the employer and for
inspection purposes.
(17) Wood-pole scaffolds shall not be erected beyond the reach of
effective firefighting apparatus.
Table D-7--Minimum Nominal Size and Maximum Spacing of Members of Single
Pole Scaffolds--Light Duty
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Maximum height of scaffold
----------------------------------------
20 feet 60 feet
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Uniformly distributed load..... Not to exceed 25
pounds per square
foot..
Poles or uprights.............. 2 by 4 in.......... 4 by 4 in.
Pole spacing (longitudinal).... 6 ft. 0 in......... 10 ft. 0 in.
Maximum width of scaffold...... 5 ft. 0 in......... 5 ft. 0 in.
Bearers or putlogs to 3 ft. 0 2 by 4 in.......... 2 by 4 in.
in. width.
Bearers or putlogs to 5 ft. 0 2 by 6 in. or 3 by 2 by 6 in. or 3 by
in. width. 4 in. 4 in.(rough).
Ledgers........................ 1 by 4 in.......... 1\1/4\ by 9 in.
Planking....................... 1\1/4\ by 9 in. 2 by 9 in.
(rough).
Vertical spacing of horizontal 7 ft. 0 in......... 7 ft. 0 in.
members.
Bracing, horizontal and 1 by 4 in.......... 1 by 4 in.
diagonal.
Tie-ins........................ 1 by 4 in.......... 1 by 4 in.
Toeboards...................... 4 in. high 4 in. high
(minimum). (minimum).
[[Page 133]]
Guardrail...................... 2 by 4 in.......... 2 by 4 in.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
All members except planking are used on edge.
Table D-8--Minimum Nominal Size and Maximum Spacing of Members of Single
Pole Scaffolds--Medium Duty
Uniformly distributed load................ Not to exceed 50 pounds per
square foot.
Maximum height of scaffold................ 60 ft.
Poles or uprights......................... 4 by 4 in.
Pole spacing (longitudinal)............... 8 ft. 0 in.
Maximum width of scaffold................. 5 ft. 0 in.
Bearers or putlogs........................ 2 by 9 in. or 3 by 4 in.
Spacing of bearers or putlogs............. 8 ft. 0 in.
Ledgers................................... 2 by 9 in.
Vertical spacing of horizontal members.... 9 ft. 0 in.
Bracing, horizontal....................... 1 by 6 in. or 1\1/4\ by 4
in.
Bracing, diagonal......................... 1 by 4 in.
Tie-ins................................... 1 by 4 in.
Planking.................................. 2 by 9 in.
Toeboards................................. 4 in. high (minimum).
Guardrail................................. 2 by 4 in.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
All members except planking are used on edge.
Table D-9--Minimum Nominal Size and Maximum Spacing of Members of Single
Pole Scaffolds--Heavy Duty
Uniformly distributed load................ Not to exceed 75 pounds per
square foot.
Maximum height of scaffold................ 60 ft.
Poles or uprights......................... 4 by 4 in.
Pole spacing (longitudinal)............... 6 ft. 0 in.
Maximum width of scaffold................. 5 ft. 0 in.
Bearers or putlogs........................ 2 by 9 in. or 3 by 5 in.
(rough).
Spacing of bearers or putlogs............. 6 ft. 0 in.
Ledgers................................... 2 by 9 in.
Vertical spacing of horizontal members.... 6 ft. 6 in.
Bracing, horizontal and diagonal.......... 2 by 4 in.
Tie-ins................................... 1 by 4 in.
Planking.................................. 2 by 9 in.
Toeboards................................. 4 in. high (minimum).
Guardrail................................. 2 by 4 in.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
All members except planking are used on edge.
Table D-10--Minimum Nominal Size and Maximum Spacing of Members of
Independent Pole Scaffolds--Light Duty
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Maximum height of scaffold
----------------------------------------
20 feet 60 feet
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Uniformly distributed load..... Not to exceed 25
pounds per square
foot..
Poles or uprights.............. 2 by 4 in.......... 4 by 4 in.
Pole spacing (longitudinal).... 6 ft. 0 in......... 10 ft. 0 in.
Pole spacing (transverse)...... 6 ft. 0 in......... 10 ft. 0 in.
Ledgers........................ 1\1/4\ by 4 in..... 1\1/4\ by 9 in.
Bearers to 3 ft. 0 in. span.... 2 by 4 in.......... 2 by 4 in.
Bearers to 10 ft. 0 in. span... 2 by 6 in. or 3 by 2 by 9 (rough) or
4 in. 3 by 8 in.
Planking....................... 1\1/4\ by 9 in..... 2 by 9 in.
Vertical spacing of horizontal 7 ft. 0 in......... 7 ft. 0 in.
members.
Bracing, horizontal and 1 by 4 in.......... 1 by 4 in.
diagonal.
Tie-ins........................ 1 by 4 in.......... 1 by 4 in.
Toeboards...................... 4 in. high......... 4 in. high
(minimum).
Guardrail...................... 2 by 4 in.......... 2 by 4 in.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
All members except planking are used on edge.
Table D-11--Minimum Nominal Size and Maximum Spacing of Members of
Independent Pole Scaffolds--Medium Duty
Uniformly distributed load................ Not to exceed 50 pounds per
square foot.
Maximum height of scaffold................ 60 ft.
Poles or uprights......................... 4 by 4 in.
Pole spacing (longitudinal)............... 8 ft. 0 in.
Pole spacing (transverse)................. 8 ft. 0 in.
Ledgers................................... 2 by 9 in.
Vertical spacing of horizontal members.... 6 ft. 0 in.
Spacing of bearers........................ 8 ft. 0 in.
Bearers................................... 2 by 9 in. (rough) or 2 by
10 in.
Bracing, horizontal....................... 1 by 6 in. or 1\1/4\ by 4
in.
Bracing, diagonal......................... 1 by 4 in.
Tie-ins................................... 1 by 4 in.
Planking.................................. 2 by 9 in.
Toeboards................................. 4 in. high (minimum).
Guardrail................................. 2 by 4 in.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
All members except planking are used on edge.
[[Page 134]]
Table D-12--Minimum Nominal Size and Maximum Spacing of Members of
Independent Pole Scaffolds--Heavy Duty
Uniformly distributed load................ Not to exceed 75 pounds per
square foot.
Maximum height of scaffold................ 60 ft.
Poles or uprights......................... 4 by 4 in.
Pole spacing (longitudinal)............... 6 ft. 0 in.
Pole spacing (transverse)................. 8 ft. 0 in.
Ledgers................................... 2 by 9 in.
Vertical spacing of horizontal members.... 4 ft. 6 in.
Bearers................................... 2 by 9 in. (rough).
Bracing, horizontal and diagonal.......... 2 by 4 in.
Tie-ins................................... 1 by 4 in.
Planking.................................. 2 by 9 in.
Toeboards................................. 4 in. high (minimum).
Guardrail................................. 2 by 4 in.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
All members except planking are used on edge.
Table D-13--Tube and Coupler Scaffolds--Light Duty
Uniformly distributed load................ Not to exceed 25 p.s.f.
post spacing (longitudinal)............... 10 ft. 0 in.
Post spacing (transverse)................. 6 ft. 0 in.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Additional planked
Working levels levels Maximum height
------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 8 125 ft.
2 4 125 ft.
3 0 91 ft. 0 in.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Table D-14--Tube and Coupler Scaffolds--Medium Duty
Uniformly distributed load................ Not to exceed 50 p.s.f.
Post spacing (longitudinal)............... 8 ft. 0 in.
Post spacing (transverse)................. 6 ft. 0 in.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Additional planked
Working levels levels Maximum height
------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 6 125 ft.
2 0 78 ft. 0 in.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Table D-15--Tube and Coupler Scaffolds--Heavy Duty
Uniformly distributed load................ Not to exceed 75 p.s.f.
Post spacing (longitudinal)............... 6 ft. 6 in.
Post spacing (transverse)................. 6 ft. 0 in.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Additional planked
Working levels levels Maximum height
------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 6 125 ft.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(c) Tube and coupler scaffolds. (1) A light-duty tube and coupler
scaffold shall have all posts, bearers, runners, and bracing of nominal
2-inch O.D. steel tubing. The posts shall be spaced no more than 6 feet
apart by 10 feet along the length of the scaffold. Other structural
metals when used must be designed to carry an equivalent load.
(2) A medium-duty tube and coupler scaffold shall have all posts,
runners, and bracing of nominal 2-inch O.D. steel tubing. Posts spaced
not more than 6 feet apart by 8 feet along the length of the scaffold
shall have bearers of nominal 2\1/2\-inch O.D. steel tubing. Posts
spaced not more than 5 feet apart by 8 feet along the length of the
scaffold shall have bearers of nominal 2-inch O.D. steel tubing. Other
structural metals when used must be designed to carry an equivalent
load.
(3) A heavy-duty tube and coupler scaffold shall have all posts,
runners, and bracing of nominal 2-inch O.D. steel tubing, with the posts
spaced not more than 6 feet apart by 6 feet 6 inches along the length of
the scaffold. Other structural metals when used must be designed to
carry an equivalent load.
(4) Tube and coupler scaffolds shall be limited in heights and
working levels to those permitted in tables D-13, 14, and 15, of this
section. Drawings and specifications of all tube and coupler scaffolds
above the limitations in tables D-13, 14, and 15 of this section shall
be designed by a registered professional engineer and copies made
available to the employer and for inspection purposes.
(5) All tube and coupler scaffolds shall be constructed and erected
to support four times the maximum intended loads as set forth in tables
D-13, 14, and 15 of this section, or as set forth in the specifications
by a registered professional engineer, copies which shall be made
available to the employer and for inspection purposes.
(6) All tube and coupler scaffolds shall be erected by competent and
experienced personnel.
(7) Posts shall be accurately spaced, erected on suitable bases, and
maintained plumb.
(8) Runners shall be erected along the length of the scaffold
located on both the inside and the outside posts at even height. Runners
shall be interlocked to form continuous lengths and coupled to each
post. The bottom runners shall be located as close to the base as
possible. Runners shall be placed not more than 6 feet 6 inches on
centers.
[[Page 135]]
(9) Bearers shall be installed transversely between posts and shall
be securely coupled to the posts bearing on the runner coupler. When
coupled directly to the runners, the coupler must be kept as close to
the posts as possible.
(10) Bearers shall be at least 4 inches but not more than 12 inches
longer than the post spacing or runner spacing. Bearers may be
cantilevered for use as brackets to carry not more than two planks.
(11) Cross bracing shall be installed across the width of the
scaffold at least every third set of posts horizontally and every fourth
runner vertically. Such bracing shall extend diagonally from the inner
and outer runners upward to the next outer and inner runners.
(12) Longitudinal diagonal bracing shall be installed at
approximately a 45-degree angle from near the base of the first outer
post upward to the extreme top of the scaffold. Where the longitudinal
length of the scaffold permits, such bracing shall be duplicated
beginning at every fifth post. In a similar manner, longitudinal
diagonal bracing shall also be installed from the last post extending
back and upward toward the first post. Where conditions preclude the
attachment of this bracing to the posts, it may be attached to the
runners.
(13) The entire scaffold shall be tied to and securely braced
against the building at intervals not to exceed 30 feet horizontally and
26 feet vertically.
(14) Guardrails not less than 2x4 inches or the equivalent and not
less than 36 inches or more than 42 inches high, with a mid-rail, when
required, of 1x4-inch lumber or equivalent, and toeboards, shall be
installed at all open sides on all scaffolds more than 10 feet above the
ground or floor. Toeboards shall be a minimum of 4 inches in height.
Wire mesh shall be installed in accordance with paragraph (a)(17) of
this section.
(d) Tubular welded frame scaffolds. (1) Metal tubular frame
scaffolds, including accessories such as braces, brackets, trusses,
screw legs, ladders, etc., shall be designed and proved to safely
support four times the maximum intended load.
(2) Spacing of panels or frames shall be consistent with the loads
imposed.
(3) Scaffolds shall be properly braced by cross bracing or diagonal
braces, or both, for securing vertical members together laterally, and
the cross braces shall be of such length as will automatically square
and aline vertical members so that the erected scaffold is always plumb,
square, and rigid. All brace connections shall be made secure.
(4) Scaffold legs shall be set on adjustable bases or plain bases
placed on mud sills or other foundations adequate to support the maximum
intended load.
(5) The frames shall be placed one on top of the other with coupling
or stacking pins to provide proper vertical alinement of the legs.
(6) Where uplift may occur, panels shall be locked together
vertically by pins or other equivalent suitable means.
(7) Guardrails not less than 2 x 4 inches or the equivalent and not
less than 36 inches or more than 42 inches high, with a mid-rail, when
required, of 1- x 4-inch lumber or equivalent, and toeboards, shall be
installed at all open sides on all scaffolds more than 10 feet above the
ground or floor. Toeboards shall be a minimum of 4 inches in height.
Wire mesh shall be installed in accordance with paragraph (a)(17) of
this section.
(8) All tubular metal scaffolds shall be constructed and erected to
support four times the maximum intended loads.
(9) To prevent movement, the scaffold shall be secured to the
building or structure at intervals not to exceed 30 feet horizontally
and 26 feet vertically.
(10) Maximum permissible spans of planking shall be in conformity
with paragraph (a)(9) of this section.
(11) Drawings and specifications for all frame scaffolds over 125
feet in height above the base plates shall be designed by a registered
professional engineer and copies made available to the employer and for
inspection purposes.
(12) All tubular welded frame scaffolds shall be erected by
competent and experienced personnel.
[[Page 136]]
(13) Frames and accessories for scaffolds shall be maintained in
good repair and every defect, unsafe condition, or noncompliance with
this section shall be immediately corrected before further use of the
scaffold. Any broken, bent, excessively rusted, altered, or otherwise
structurally damaged frames or accessories shall not be used.
(14) Periodic inspections shall be made of all welded frames and
accessories, and any maintenance, including painting, or minor
corrections authorized by the manufacturer, shall be made before further
use.
(e) Outrigger scaffolds. (1) Outrigger beams shall extend not more
than 6 feet beyond the face of the building. The inboard end of
outrigger beams, measured from the fulcrum point to the extreme point of
support, shall be not less than one and one-half times the outboard end
in length. The beams shall rest on edge, the sides shall be plumb, and
the edges shall be horizontal. The fulcrum point of the beam shall rest
on a secure bearing at least 6 inches in each horizontal dimension. The
beam shall be secured in place against movement and shall be securely
braced at the fulcrum point against tipping.
(2) The inboard ends of outrigger beams shall be securely supported
either by means of struts bearing against sills in contact with the
overhead beams or ceiling, or by means of tension members secured to the
floor joists underfoot, or by both if necessary. The inboard ends of
outrigger beams shall be secured against tipping and the entire
supporting structure shall be securely braced in both directions to
prevent any horizontal movement.
(3) Unless outrigger scaffolds are designed by a licensed
professional engineer, they shall be constructed and erected in
accordance with table D-16. Outrigger scaffolds designed by a registered
professional engineer shall be constructed and erected in accordance
with such design. A copy of the detailed drawings and specifications
showing the sizes and spacing of members shall be kept on the job.
(4) Planking shall be laid tight and shall extend to within 3 inches
of the building wall. Planking shall be nailed or bolted to outriggers.
(5) Where there is danger of material falling from the scaffold, a
wire mesh or other enclosure shall be provided between the guardrail and
the toeboard.
(6) Where additional working levels are required to be supported by
the outrigger method, the plans and specifications of the outrigger and
scaffolding structure shall be designed by a registered professional
engineer.
(f) Masons' adjustable multiple-point suspension scaffolds. (1) The
scaffold shall be capable of sustaining a working load of 50 pounds per
square foot and shall not be loaded in excess of that figure.
(2) The scaffold shall be provided with hoisting machines that meet
the requirements of a nationally recognized testing laboratory. Refer to
Sec. 1910.7 for definition of nationally recognized testing laboratory.
Table D-16--Minimum Nominal Size and Maximum Spacing of Members of
Outrigger Scaffolds
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Light duty Medium duty
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Maximum scaffold load........... 25 p.s.f.......... 50 p.s.f.
Outrigger size.................. 2x10 in........... 3x10 in.
Maximum outrigger spacing....... 10 ft 0 in........ 6 ft 0 in.
Planking........................ 2x9 in............ 2x9 in.
Guardrail....................... 2x4 in............ 2x4 in.
Guardrail uprights.............. 2x4 in............ 2x4 in.
Toeboards (minimum)............. 4 in.............. 4 in.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(3) The platform shall be supported by wire ropes in conformity with
paragraph (a)(22) of this section, suspended from overhead outrigger
beams.
(4) The scaffold outrigger beams shall consist of structural metal
securely fastened or anchored to the frame or floor system of the
building or structure.
(5) Each outrigger beam shall be equivalent in strength to at least
a standard 7-inch, 15.3-pound steel I-beam, be at least 15 feet long,
and shall not project more than 6 feet 6 inches beyond the bearing
point.
(6) Where the overhang exceeds 6 feet 6 inches, outrigger beams
shall be composed of stronger beams or multiple beams and be installed
in accordance with approved designs and instructions.
[[Page 137]]
(7) If channel iron outrigger beams are used in place of I-beams,
they shall be securely fastened together with the flanges turned out.
(8) All outrigger beams shall be set and maintained with their webs
into vertical position.
(9) A stop bolt shall be placed at each end of every outrigger beam.
(10) The outrigger beam shall rest on suitable wood-bearing blocks.
(11) All parts of the scaffold such as bolts, nuts, fittings,
clamps, wire rope, and outrigger beams and their fastenings, shall be
maintained in sound and good working condition and shall be inspected
before each installation and periodically thereafter.
(12) The free end of the suspension wire ropes shall be equipped
with proper size thimbles and be secured by splicing or other equivalent
means. The running ends shall be securely attached to the hoisting drum
and at least four turns of rope shall at all times remain on the drum.
(13) Where a single outrigger beam is used, the steel shackles or
clevises with which the wire ropes are attached to the outrigger beams
shall be placed directly over the hoisting drums.
(14) The scaffold platform shall be equivalent in strength to at
least 2-inch planking. (For maximum planking spans see paragraph (a)(9)
of this section.)
(15) Guardrails not less than 2 x 4 inches or the equivalent and not
less than 36 inches or more than 42 inches high, with a mid-rail, when
required, of 1 x 4-inch lumber or equivalent, and toeboards, shall be
installed at all open sides on all scaffolds more than 10 feet above the
ground or floor. Toeboards shall be a minimum of 4 inches in height.
Wire mesh shall be installed in accordance with paragraph (a)(17) of
this section.
(16) Overhead protection shall be provided on the scaffold, not more
than 9 feet above the platform, consisting of 2-inch planking or
material of equivalent strength laid tight, when men are at work on the
scaffold and an overhead hazard exists.
(17) Each scaffold shall be installed or relocated in accordance
with designs and instructions, of a registered professional engineer,
and supervised by a competent, designated person.
(g) Two-point suspension scaffolds (swinging scaffolds). (1) Two-
point suspension scaffold platforms shall be not less than 20 inches no
more than 36 inches wide overall. The platform shall be securely
fastened to the hangers by U-bolts or by other equivalent means.
(2) The hangers of two-point suspension scaffolds shall be made of
wrought iron, mild steel, or other equivalent material having a cross-
sectional area capable of sustaining four times the maximum intended
load, and shall be designed with a support for guardrail, intermediate
rail, and toeboard.
(3) When hoisting machines are used on two-point suspension
scaffolds, such machines shall be of a design tested and approved by a
nationally recognized testing laboratory. Refer to Sec. 1910.7 for
definition of nationally recognized testing laboratory.
(4) The roof irons or hooks shall be of wrought iron, mild steel, or
other equivalent material of proper size and design, securely installed
and anchored. Tie-backs of three-fourth inch manila rope or the
equivalent shall serve as a secondary means of anchorage, installed at
right angles to the face of the building whenever possible and secured
to a structurally sound portion of the building.
(5) Guardrails not less than 2 x 4 inches or the equivalent and not
less than 36 inches or more than 42 inches high, with a mid-rail, when
required, of 1- x 4-inch lumber or equivalent, and toeboards, shall be
installed at all open sides on all scaffolds more than 10 feet above the
ground or floor. Toeboards shall be a minimum of 4 inches in height.
Wire mesh shall be installed in accordance with paragraph (a)(17) of
this section.
(6) Two-point suspension scaffolds shall be suspended by wire or
fiber ropes. Wire and fiber ropes shall conform to paragraph (a)(22) of
this section.
(7) The blocks for fiber ropes shall be of standard 6-inch size,
consisting of at least one double and one single block. The sheaves of
all blocks shall fit the size of rope used.
[[Page 138]]
(8) All wire ropes, fiber ropes, slings, hangers, platforms, and
other supporting parts shall be inspected before every installation.
Periodic inspections shall be made while the scaffold is in use.
(9) On suspension scaffolds designed for a working load of 500
pounds no more than two men shall be permitted to work at one time. On
suspension scaffolds with a working load of 750 pounds, no more than
three men shall be permitted to work at one time. Each workman shall be
protected by a safety lifebelt attached to a lifeline. The lifeline
shall be securely attached to substantial members of the structure (not
scaffold), or to securely rigged lines, which will safely suspend the
workman in case of a fall.
(10) Where acid solutions are used, fiber ropes are not permitted
unless acid-proof.
(11) Two-point suspension scaffolds shall be securely lashed to the
building or structure to prevent them from swaying. Window cleaners'
anchors shall not be used for this purpose.
(12) The platform of every two-point suspension scaffold shall be
one of the following types:
(i) The side stringer of ladder-type platforms shall be clear
straight-grained spruce or materials of equivalent strength and
durability. The rungs shall be of straight-grained oak, ash, or hickory,
at least 1\1/8\ inch in diameter, with seven-eighth inch tenons mortised
into the side stringers at least seven-eighth inch. The stringers shall
be tied together with the tie rods not less than one-quarter inch in
diameter, passing through the stringers and riveted up tight against
washers on both ends. The flooring strips shall be spaced not more than
five-eighth inch apart except at the side rails where the space may be 1
inch. Ladder-type platforms shall be constructed in accordance with
table D-17.
(ii) Plank-type platforms shall be composed of not less than nominal
2x8-inch unspliced planks, properly cleated together on the underside
starting 6 inches from each end; intervals in between shall not exceed 4
feet. The plank-type platform shall not extend beyond the hangers more
than 18 inches. A bar or other effective means shall be securely
fastened to the platform at each end to prevent its slipping off the
hanger. The span between hangers for plank-type platforms shall not
exceed 10 feet.
(iii) Beam platforms shall have side stringers of lumber not less
than 2x6 inches set on edge. The span between hangers shall not exceed
12 feet when beam platforms are used. The flooring shall be supported on
2- and 6-inch crossbeams, laid flat and set into the upper edge of the
stringers with a snug fit, at intervals of not more than 4 feet,
securely nailed in place. The flooring shall be of 1x6inch material
properly nailed. Floorboards shall not be spaced more than one-half inch
apart.
Table D-17--Schedule for Ladder-Type Platforms
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Length of platform (feet)
-----------------------------------------------------------
12 14 & 16 18 & 20 22 & 24 28 & 30
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Side stringers, minimum cross section (finished
sizes):
At ends (in.)..................................... 1\3/4\x2\3/ 1\3/4\x2\3/ 1\3/4\x3 1\3/4\x3 1\3/4\x3\1/
4\ 4\ 2\
At middle (in.)................................... 1\3/4\x3\3/ 1\3/4\x3\3/ 1\3/4\x4 1\3/4\x4\1/ 1\3/4\x5
4\ 4\ 4\
Reinforcing strip (minimum) \1\..................... .......... .......... .......... .......... ..........
Rungs \2\........................................... .......... .......... .......... .......... ..........
Tie rods:
Number (minimum).................................. 3 4 4 5 6
Diameter (minimum)................................ \1/4\ in \1/4\ in \1/4\ in \1/4\ in \1/4\ in.
Flooring, minimum finished size (in.)............... \1/2\x2\3/ \1/2\x2\3/ \1/2\x2\3/ \1/2\x\3/ \1/2\x2\3/
4\ 4\ 4\ 4\ 4\
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ A \1/8\x\7/8\-in. steel reinforcing strip or its equivalent shall be attached to the side or underside full
length.
\2\ Rungs shall be 1\1/8\-in. minimum, diameter with at least \7/8\-in. diameter tenons, and the maximum spacing
shall be 12 in. center to center.
(h) Stone setters' adjustable multiple-point suspension scaffolds.
(1) The scaffold shall be capable of sustaining a working load of 25
pounds per square
[[Page 139]]
foot and shall not be overloaded. Scaffolds shall not be used for
storage of stone or other heavy materials.
(2) The hoisting machine and its supports shall be of a type tested
and listed by a nationally recognized testing laboratory. Refer to Sec.
1910.399(a)(77) for definition of listed, and Sec. 1910.7 for
nationally recognized testing laboratory.
(3) The platform shall be securely fastened to the hangers by U-
bolts or other equivalent means.
(4) The scaffold unit shall be suspended from metal outriggers, iron
brackets, wire rope slings, or iron hooks which will safely support the
maximum intended load.
(5) Outriggers when used shall be set with their webs in a vertical
position, securely anchored to the building or structure and provided
with stop bolts at each end.
(6) The scaffold shall be supported by wire rope conforming with
paragraph (a)(22) of this section, suspended from overhead supports.
(7) The free ends of the suspension wire ropes shall be equipped
with proper size thimbles, secured by splicing or other equivalent
means. The running ends shall be securely attached to the hoisting drum
and at least four turns of rope shall remain on the drum at all times.
(8) Guardrails not less than 2 by 4 inches or the equivalent and not
less than 36 inches or more than 42 inches high, with a mid-rail, when
required, of 1- by 4-inch lumber or equivalent, and toeboards, shall be
installed at all open sides on all scaffolds more than 10 feet above the
ground or floor. Toeboards shall be a minimum of 4 inches in height.
Wire mesh shall be installed in accordance with paragraph (a)(17) of
this section.
(9) When two or more scaffolds are used on a building or structure
they shall not be bridged one to the other but shall be maintained at
even height with platforms butting closely.
(10) Each scaffold shall be installed or relocated in accordance
with designs and instructions of a registered professional engineer, and
such installation or relocation shall be supervised by a competent
designated person.
(i) Single-point adjustable suspension scaffolds. (1) The
scaffolding, including power units or manually operated winches, shall
be a type tested and listed by a nationally recognized testing
laboratory. Refer to Sec. 1910.399(a)(77) for definition of listed, and
Sec. 1910.7 for nationally recognized testing laboratory.
(2) [Reserved]
(3) All power-operated gears and brakes shall be enclosed.
(4) In addition to the normal operating brake, all-power driven
units must have an emergency brake which engages automatically when the
normal speed of descent is exceeded.
(5) Guards, mid-rails, and toeboards shall completely enclose the
cage or basket. Guardrails shall be no less than 2 by 4 inches or the
equivalent installed no less than 36 inches nor more than 42 inches
above the platform. Mid-rails shall be 1 by 6 inches or the equivalent,
installed equidistant between the guardrail and the platform. Toeboards
shall be a minimum of 4 inches in height.
(6) The hoisting machines, cables, and equipment shall be regularly
serviced and inspected after each installation and every 30 days
thereafter.
(7) The units may be combined to form a two-point suspension
scaffold. Such scaffold shall comply with paragraph (g) of this section.
(8) The supporting cable shall be straight for its entire length,
and the operator shall not sway the basket and fix the cable to any
intermediate points to change his original path of travel.
(9) Equipment shall be maintained and used in accordance with the
manufacturers' instructions.
(10) Suspension methods shall conform to applicable provisions of
paragraphs (f) and (g) of this section.
(j) Boatswain's chairs. (1) The chair seat shall be not less than 12
by 24 inches, and of 1-inch thickness. The seat shall be reinforced on
the underside to prevent the board from splitting.
(2) The two fiber rope seat slings shall be of \5/8\-inch diameter,
reeved through the four seat holes so as to cross each other on the
underside of the seat.
[[Page 140]]
(3) Seat slings shall be of at least \3/8\-inch wire rope when a
workman is conducting a heat producing process such as gas or arc
welding.
(4) The workman shall be protected by a safety life belt attached to
a lifeline. The lifeline shall be securely attached to substantial
members of the structure (not scaffold), or to securely rigged lines,
which will safely suspend the worker in case of a fall.
(5) The tackle shall consist of correct size ball bearing or bushed
blocks and properly spliced \5/8\-inch diameter first-grade manila rope.
(6) The roof irons, hooks, or the object to which the tackle is
anchored shall be securely installed. Tiebacks when used shall be
installed at right angles to the face of the building and securely
fastened to a chimney.
(k) Carpenters' bracket scaffolds. (1) The brackets shall consist of
a triangular wood frame not less than 2 by 3 inches in cross section, or
of metal of equivalent strength. Each member shall be properly fitted
and securely joined.
(2) Each bracket shall be attached to the structure by means of one
of the following:
(i) A bolt no less than five-eighths inch in diameter which shall
extend through the inside of the building wall.
(ii) A metal stud attachment device.
(iii) Welding to steel tanks.
(iv) Hooking over a well-secured and adequately strong supporting
member.
The brackets shall be spaced no more than 10 feet apart.
(3) No more than two persons shall occupy any given 10 feet of a
bracket scaffold at any one time. Tools and materials shall not exceed
75 pounds in addition to the occupancy.
(4) The platform shall consist of not less than two 2- by 9-inch
nominal size planks extending not more than 18 inches or less than 6
inches beyond each end support.
(5) Guardrails not less than 2 by 4 inches or the equivalent and not
less than 36 inches or more than 42 inches high, with a mid-rail, when
required, of 1- by 4-inch lumber or equivalent, and toeboards, shall be
installed at all open sides on all scaffolds more than 10 feet above the
ground or floor. Toeboards shall be a minimum of 4 inches in height.
Wire mesh shall be installed in accordance with paragraph (a)(17) of
this section.
(l) Bricklayers' square scaffolds. (1) The squares shall not exceed
5 feet in width and 5 feet in height.
(2) Members shall be not less than those specified in Table D-18.
(3) The squares shall be reinforced on both sides of each corner
with 1- by 6-inch gusset pieces. They shall also have braces 1 by 8
inches on both sides running from center to center of each member, or
other means to secure equivalent strength and rigidity.
(4) The squares shall be set not more than 5 feet apart for medium
duty scaffolds, and not more than 8 feet apart for light duty scaffolds.
Bracing 1x8 inches, extending from the bottom of each square to the top
of the next square, shall be provided on both front and rear sides of
the scaffold.
Table D-18--Minimum Dimensions for Bricklayers' Square Scaffold Members
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Members Dimensions (inches)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bearers or horizontal members.............. 2 by 6.
Legs....................................... 2 by 6.
Braces at corners.......................... 1 by 6.
Braces diagonally from center frame........ 1 by 8.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(5) Platform planks shall be at least 2- by 9-inch nominal size. The
ends of the planks shall overlap the bearers of the squares and each
plank shall be supported by not less than three squares.
(6) Bricklayers' square scaffolds shall not exceed three tiers in
height and shall be so constructed and arranged that one square shall
rest directly above the other. The upper tiers shall stand on a
continuous row of planks laid across the next lower tier and be nailed
down or otherwise secured to prevent displacement.
(7) Scaffolds shall be level and set upon a firm foundation.
(m) Horse scaffolds. (1) Horse scaffolds shall not be constructed or
arranged more than two tiers or 10 feet in height.
(2) The members of the horses shall be not less than those specified
in Table D-19.
(3) Horses shall be spaced not more than 5 feet for medium duty and
not more than 8 feet for light duty.
[[Page 141]]
(4) When arranged in tiers, each horse shall be placed directly over
the horse in the tier below.
(5) On all scaffolds arranged in tiers, the legs shall be nailed
down to the planks to prevent displacement or thrust and each tier shall
be substantially cross braced.
Table D-19--Minimum Dimensions for Horse Scaffold Members
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Members Dimensions (inches)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Horizontal members or bearers.............. 3 by 4.
Legs....................................... 1\1/4\ by 4\1/2\.
Longitudinal brace between legs............ 1 by 6.
Gusset brace at top of legs................ 1 by 8.
Half diagonal braces....................... 1\1/4\ by 4\1/2\.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(6) Horses or parts which have become weak or defective shall not be
used.
(7) Guardrails not less than 2 by 4 inches or the equivalent and not
less than 36 inches or more than 42 inches high with a mid-rail, when
required, of 1- by 4-inch lumber or equivalent and toeboards, shall be
installed at all open sides on all scaffolds more than 10 feet above the
ground or floor. Toeboards shall be a minimum of 4 inches in height.
Wire mesh shall be installed in accordance with paragraph (a)(17) of
this section.
(n) Needle beam scaffold. (1) Wood needle beams shall be in
accordance with paragraph (a) (5) and (9) of this section, and shall be
not less than 4 by 6 inches in size, with the greater dimension placed
in a vertical direction. Metal beams or the equivalent conforming to
paragraph (a) (4) and (8) of this section may be used.
(2) Ropes or hangers shall be provided for supports. The span
between supports on the needle beam shall not exceed 10 feet for 4- by
6-inch timbers. Rope supports shall be equivalent in strength to 1-inch
diameter first-grade manila rope.
(3) The ropes shall be attached to the needle beams by a scaffold
hitch or a properly made eye splice. The loose end of the rope shall be
tied by a bowline knot or by a round turn and one-half hitch.
(4) The platform span between the needle beams shall not exceed 8
feet when using 2-inch scaffold plank. For spans greater than 8 feet,
platforms shall be designed based on design requirements for the special
span. The overhang of each end of the platform planks shall be not less
than 1 foot and not more than 18 inches.
(5) When one needle beam is higher than the other or when the
platform is not level the platform shall be secured against slipping.
(6) All unattached tools, bolts, and nuts used on needle beam
scaffolds shall be kept in suitable containers.
(7) One end of a needle beam scaffold may be supported by a
permanent structural member conforming to paragraphs (a) (4) and (8) of
this section.
(8) Each man working on a needle beam scaffold 20 feet or more above
the ground or floor and working with both hands, shall be protected by a
safety life belt attached to a lifeline. The lifeline shall be securely
attached to substantial members of the structure (not scaffold), or to
securely rigged lines, which will safely suspend the workman in case of
a fall.
(o) Plasterers', decorators', and large area scaffolds. (1)
Plasterers', decorators', lathers', and ceiling workers' inside
scaffolds shall be constructed in accordance with the general
requirements set forth for independent wood pole scaffolds.
(2) Guardrails not less than 2 by 4 inches or the equivalent and not
less than 36 inches or more than 42 inches high, with a mid-rail, when
required, of 1- by 4-inch lumber or equivalent, and toeboards, shall be
installed at all open sides on all scaffolds more than 10 feet above the
ground or floor. Toeboards shall be a minimum of 4 inches in height.
Wire mesh shall be installed in accordance with paragraph (a)(17) of
this section.
(3) All platform planks shall be laid with the edges close together.
(4) When independent pole scaffold platforms are erected in
sections, such sections shall be provided with connecting runways
equipped with substantial guardrails.
(p) Interior hung scaffolds.
(1) [Reserved]
(2) The suspended steel wire rope shall conform to paragraph (a)(22)
of this section. Wire may be used providing the strength requirements of
[[Page 142]]
paragraph (a)(22) of this section are met.
(3) For hanging wood scaffolds, the following minimum nominal size
material is recommended:
(i) Supporting bearers 2 by 9 inches on edge.
(ii) Planking 2 by 9 inches or 2 by 10 inches, with maximum span 7
feet for heavy duty and 10 feet for light duty or medium duty.
(4) Steel tube and coupler members may be used for hanging scaffolds
with both types of scaffold designed to sustain a uniform distributed
working load up to heavy duty scaffold loads with a safety factor of
four.
(5) When a hanging scaffold is supported by means of wire rope, such
wire rope shall be wrapped at least twice around the supporting members
and twice around the bearers of the scaffold, with each end of the wire
rope secured by at least three standard wire-rope clips.
(6) All overhead supporting members shall be inspected and checked
for strength before the scaffold is erected.
(7) Guardrails not less than 2 by 4 inches or the equivalent and not
less than 36 inches or more than 42 inches high, with a mid-rail, when
required, of 1- by 4-inch lumber or equivalent, and toeboards, shall be
installed at all open sides on all scaffolds more than 10 feet above the
ground or floor. Toeboards shall be a minimum of 4 inches in height.
Wire mesh shall be installed in accordance with paragraph (a)(17) of
this section.
(q) Ladder-jack scaffolds. (1) All ladder-jack scaffolds shall be
limited to light duty and shall not exceed a height of 20 feet above the
floor or ground.
(2) All ladders used in connection with ladder-jack scaffolds shall
be heavy-duty ladders and shall be designed and constructed in
accordance with Sec. 1910.25 and Sec. 1910.26.
(3) The ladder jack shall be so designed and constructed that it
will bear on the side rails in addition to the ladder rungs, or if
bearing on rungs only, the bearing area shall be at least 10 inches on
each rung.
(4) Ladders used in conjunction with ladder jacks shall be so
placed, fastened, held, or equipped with devices so as to prevent
slipping.
(5) The wood platform planks shall be not less than 2 inches nominal
in thickness. Both metal and wood platform planks shall overlap the
bearing surface not less than 12 inches. The span between supports for
wood shall not exceed 8 feet. Platform width shall be not less than 18
inches.
(6) Not more than two persons shall occupy any given 8 feet of any
ladder-jack scaffold at any one time.
(r) Window-jack scaffolds. (1) Window-jack scaffolds shall be used
only for the purpose of working at the window opening through which the
jack is placed.
(2) Window jacks shall not be used to support planks placed between
one window jack and another or for other elements of scaffolding.
(3) Window-jack scaffolds shall be provided with suitable guardrails
unless safety belts with lifelines are attached and provided for the
workman. Window-jack scaffolds shall be used by one man only.
(s) Roofing brackets. (1) Roofing brackets shall be constructed to
fit the pitch of the roof.
(2) Brackets shall be secured in place by nailing in addition to the
pointed metal projections. The nails shall be driven full length into
the roof. When rope supports are used, they shall consist of first-grade
manila of at least three-quarter-inch diameter, or equivalent.
(3) A substantial catch platform shall be installed below the
working area of roofs more than 20 feet from the ground to eaves with a
slope greater than 3 inches in 12 inches without a parapet. In width the
platform shall extend 2 feet beyond the projection of the eaves and
shall be provided with a safety rail, mid-rail, and toeboard. This
provision shall not apply where employees engaged in work upon such
roofs are protected by a safety belt attached to a lifeline.
(t) Crawling boards or chicken ladders. (1) Crawling boards shall be
not less than 10 inches wide and 1 inch thick, having cleats 1x1\1/2\
inches. The cleats shall be equal in length to the width of the board
and spaced at equal intervals not to exceed 24 inches. Nails shall be
[[Page 143]]
driven through and clinched on the underside. The crawling board shall
extend from the ridge pole to the eaves when used in connection with
roof construction, repair, or maintenance.
(2) A firmly fastened lifeline of at least three-quarter-inch rope
shall be strung beside each crawling board for a handhold.
(3) Crawling boards shall be secured to the roof by means of
adequate ridge hooks or equivalent effective means.
(u) Float or ship scaffolds. (1) Float or ship scaffolds shall
support not more than three men and a few light tools, such as those
needed for riveting, bolting, and welding. They shall be constructed in
accordance with paragraphs (u) (2) through (6) of this section, unless
substitute designs and materials provide equivalent strength, stability,
and safety.
(2) The platform shall be not less than 3 feet wide and 6 feet long,
made of three-quarter-inch plywood, equivalent to American Plywood
Association Grade B-B, Group I, Exterior.
(3) Under the platform, there shall be two supporting bearers made
from 2x4-inch, or 1x10-inch rough, selected lumber, or better. They
shall be free of knots or other flaws and project 6 inches beyond the
platform on both sides. The ends of the platform shall extend about 6
inches beyond the outer edges of the bearers. Each bearer shall be
securely fastened to the platform.
(4) An edging of wood not less than \3/4\x1\1/2\ inches, or
equivalent, shall be placed around all sides of the platform to prevent
tools from rolling off.
(5) Supporting ropes shall be 1-inch diameter manila rope or
equivalent, free from deterioration, chemical damage, flaws, or other
imperfections. Rope connections shall be such that the platform cannot
shift or slip. If two ropes are used with each float, each of the two
supporting ropes shall be hitched around one end of a bearer and pass
under the platforms to the other end of the bearer where it is hitched
again, leaving sufficient rope at each end for the supporting ties.
(6) Each workman shall be protected by a safety lifebelt attached to
a lifeline. The lifeline shall be securely attached to substantial
members of the structure (not scaffold), or to securely rigged lines,
which will safely suspend the workman in case of a fall.
(v) Scope. This section establishes safety requirements for the
construction, operation, maintenance, and use of scaffolds used in the
maintenance of buildings and structures.
[39 FR 23502, June 27, 1974, as amended at 43 FR 49746, Oct. 24, 1978;
49 FR 5321, Feb. 10, 1984; 53 FR 12121, Apr. 12, 1988]
