[Code of Federal Regulations]
[Title 29, Volume 8]
[Revised as of July 1, 2007]
From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access
[CITE: 29CFR1926.454]
[Page 295-311]
TITLE 29--LABOR
CHAPTER XVII--OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT
OF LABOR
PART 1926_SAFETY AND HEALTH REGULATIONS FOR CONSTRUCTION--Table of Contents
Subpart L_Scaffolds
Sec. 1926.454 Training requirements.
This section supplements and clarifies the requirements of Sec.
1926.21(b)(2) as these relate to the hazards of work on scaffolds.
(a) The employer shall have each employee who performs work while on
a scaffold trained by a person qualified in the subject matter to
recognize the hazards associated with the type of scaffold being used
and to understand the procedures to control or minimize those hazards.
The training shall include the following areas, as applicable:
(1) The nature of any electrical hazards, fall hazards and falling
object hazards in the work area;
(2) The correct procedures for dealing with electrical hazards and
for erecting, maintaining, and disassembling the fall protection systems
and falling object protection systems being used;
(3) The proper use of the scaffold, and the proper handling of
materials on the scaffold;
(4) The maximum intended load and the load-carrying capacities of
the scaffolds used; and
(5) Any other pertinent requirements of this subpart.
(b) The employer shall have each employee who is involved in
erecting, disassembling, moving, operating, repairing, maintaining, or
inspecting a scaffold trained by a competent person to recognize any
hazards associated with the work in question. The training shall include
the following topics, as applicable:
(1) The nature of scaffold hazards;
(2) The correct procedures for erecting, disassembling, moving,
operating, repairing, inspecting, and maintaining the type of scaffold
in question;
(3) The design criteria, maximum intended load-carrying capacity and
intended use of the scaffold;
(4) Any other pertinent requirements of this subpart.
(c) When the employer has reason to believe that an employee lacks
the skill or understanding needed for safe work involving the erection,
use or dismantling of scaffolds, the employer shall retrain each such
employee so that the requisite proficiency is regained. Retraining is
required in at least the following situations:
(1) Where changes at the worksite present a hazard about which an
employee has not been previously trained; or
(2) Where changes in the types of scaffolds, fall protection,
falling object protection, or other equipment present a hazard about
which an employee has not been previously trained; or
[[Page 296]]
(3) Where inadequacies in an affected employee's work involving
scaffolds indicate that the employee has not retained the requisite
proficiency.
Non-Mandatory Appendices
(Non-mandatory) Appendix A to Subpart L of Part 1926--Scaffold
Specifications
This Appendix provides non-mandatory guidelines to assist employers
in complying with the requirements of subpart L of this part. An
employer may use these guidelines and tables as a starting point for
designing scaffold systems. However, the guidelines do not provide all
the information necessary to build a complete system, and the employer
is still responsible for designing and assembling these components in
such a way that the completed system will meet the requirements of Sec.
1926.451(a). Scaffold components which are not selected and loaded in
accordance with this Appendix, and components for which no specific
guidelines or tables are given in this Appendix (e.g., joints, ties,
components for wood pole scaffolds more than 60 feet in height,
components for heavy-duty horse scaffolds, components made with other
materials, and components with other dimensions, etc.) must be designed
and constructed in accordance with the capacity requirements of Sec.
1926.451(a), and loaded in accordance with Sec. 1926.451(d)(1).
Index to Appendix A for Subpart L
1. General guidelines and tables.
2. Specific guidelines and tables.
(a) Pole scaffolds:
Single-pole wood pole scaffolds.
Independent wood pole scaffolds.
(b) Tube and coupler scaffolds.
(c) Fabricated frame scaffolds.
(d) Plasterers', decorators' and large area scaffolds.
(e) Bricklayers' square scaffolds.
(f) Horse scaffolds.
(g) Form scaffolds and carpenters' bracket scaffolds.
(h) Roof bracket scaffolds.
(i) Outrigger scaffolds (one level).
(j) Pump jack scaffolds.
(k) Ladder jack scaffolds.
(l) Window jack scaffolds.
(m) Crawling boards (chicken ladders).
(n) Step, platform and trestle ladder scaffolds.
(o) Single-point adjustable suspension scaffolds.
(p) Two-point adjustable suspension scaffolds.
(q)(1) Stonesetters' multi-point adjustable suspension scaffolds.
(2) Masons' multi-point adjustable suspension scaffolds.
(r) Catenary scaffolds.
(s) Float (ship) scaffolds.
(t) Interior hung scaffolds.
(u) Needle beam scaffolds.
(v) Multi-level suspension scaffolds.
(w) Mobile scaffolds.
(x) Repair bracket scaffolds.
(y) Stilts.
(z) Tank builders' scaffolds.
1. General Guidelines and Tables
(a) The following tables, and the tables in Part 2--Specific
guidelines and tables, assume that all load-carrying timber members
(except planks) of the scaffold are a minimum of 1,500 lb-f/in\2\
(stress grade) construction grade lumber. All dimensions are nominal
sizes as provided in the American Softwood Lumber Standards, dated
January 1970, except that, where rough sizes are noted, only rough or
undressed lumber of the size specified will satisfy minimum
requirements.
(b) Solid sawn wood used as scaffold planks shall be selected for
such use following the grading rules established by a recognized lumber
grading association or by an independent lumber grading inspection
agency. Such planks shall be identified by the grade stamp of such
association or agency. The association or agency and the grading rules
under which the wood is graded shall be certified by the Board of
Review, American Lumber Standard Committee, as set forth in the American
Softwood Lumber Standard of the U.S. Department of Commerce.
(i) Allowable spans shall be determined in compliance with the
National Design Specification for Wood Construction published by the
National Forest Products Association; paragraph 5 of ANSI A10.8-1988
Scaffolding-Safety Requirements published by the American National
Standards Institute; or for 2x10 inch (nominal) or 2x9 inch (rough)
solid sawn wood planks, as shown in the following table:
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Maximum Maximum
permissible permissible
span using span using
Maximum intended nominal load (lb/ft\2\) full thickness nominal
undressed thickness
lumber (ft) lumber (ft)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
25...................................... 10 8
50...................................... 8 6
75...................................... 6 ..............
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(ii) The maximum permissible span for 1\1/4\ x 9-inch or wider wood
plank of full thickness with a maximum intended load of 50 lb/ft.\2\
shall be 4 feet.
(c) Fabricated planks and platforms may be used in lieu of solid
sawn wood planks. Maximum spans for such units shall be as recommended
by the manufacturer based on the maximum intended load being calculated
as follows:
[[Page 297]]
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Rated load capacity Intended load
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Light-duty............... <bullet<ls-thn-eq> 25 pounds per square foot
applied uniformly over the entire span area.
Medium-duty.............. <bullet<ls-thn-eq> 50 pounds per square foot
applied uniformly over the entire span area.
Heavy-duty............... <bullet<ls-thn-eq> 75 pounds per square foot
applied uniformly over the entire span area.
One-person............... <bullet<ls-thn-eq> 250 pounds placed at the
center of the span (total 250 pounds).
Two-person............... <bullet<ls-thn-eq> 250 pounds placed 18
inches to the left and right of the center
of the span (total 500 pounds).
Three-person............. <bullet<ls-thn-eq> 250 pounds placed at the
center of the span and 250 pounds placed 18
inches to the left and right of the center
of the span (total 750 pounds).
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note: Platform units used to make scaffold platforms intended for
light-duty use shall be capable of supporting at least 25 pounds per
square foot applied uniformly over the entire unit-span area, or a 250-
pound point load placed on the unit at the center of the span, whichever
load produces the greater shear force.
(d) Guardrails shall be as follows:
(i) Toprails shall be equivalent in strength to 2 inch by 4 inch
lumber; or
1\1/4\ inch x \1/8\ inch structural angle iron; or
1 inch x .070 inch wall steel tubing; or 1.990 inch x .058 inch wall
aluminum tubing.
(ii) Midrails shall be equivalent in strength to 1 inch by 6 inch
lumber; or
1\1/4\ inch x 1\1/4\ inch x \1/8\ inch structural angle iron; or
1 inch x .070 inch wall steel tubing; or
1.990 inch x .058 inch wall aluminum tubing.
(iii) Toeboards shall be equivalent in strength to 1 inch by 4 inch
lumber; or
1\1/4\ inch x 1\1/4\ inch structural angle iron; or
1 inch x .070 inch wall steel tubing; or
1.990 inch x .058 inch wall aluminum tubing.
(iv) Posts shall be equivalent in strength to 2 inch by 4 inch
lumber; or
1\1/4\ inch x 1\1/4\ inch x \1/8\ structural angle iron; or
1 inch x .070 inch wall steel tubing; or
1.990 inch x .058 inch wall aluminum tubing.
(v) Distance between posts shall not exceed 8 feet.
(e) Overhead protection shall consist of 2 inch nominal planking
laid tight, or \3/4\-inch plywood.
(f) Screen installed between toeboards and midrails or toprails
shall consist of No. 18 gauge U.S. Standard wire one inch mesh.
2. Specific guidelines and tables.
(a) Pole Scaffolds.
Single Pole Wood Pole Scaffolds
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Light duty up to 20 Light duty up to Medium duty up to Heavy duty up to
feet high 60 feet high 60 feet high 60 feet high
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Maximum intended load (lbs/ft 25................. 25................ 50................ 75
\2\).
Poles or uprights.............. 2x4 in............. 4x4 in............ 4x4 in............ 4x6 in.
Maximum pole spacing 6 feet............. 10 feet........... 8 feet............ 6 feet
(longitudinal).
Maximum pole spacing 5 feet............. 5 feet............ 5 feet............ 5 feet
(transverse).
Runners........................ 1x4 in............. 1\1/4\x9 in....... 2x10 in........... 2x10 in.
Bearers and maximum spacing of
bearers:
3 feet..................... 2x4 in............. 2x4 in............ 2x10 in. or 3x4 in 2x10 in. or 3x5
in.
5 feet..................... 2x6 in. or 3x4 in.. 2x6 in. or 3x4 in. 2x10 in. or 3x4 in 2x10 in. or 3x5
(rough). in.
6 feet..................... ................... .................. 2x10 in. or 3x4 in 2x10 in. or 3x5
in.
8 feet..................... ................... .................. 2x10 in. or 3x4 in ..................
Planking....................... 1\1/4\x9 in........ 2x10 in........... 2x10 in........... 2x10 in.
Maximum vertical spacing of 7 feet............. 9 feet............ 7 feet............ 6 ft. 6 in.
horizontal members.
Bracing horizontal............. 1x4 in............. 1x4 in............ 1x6 in. or 1\1/ 2x4 in.
4\x4 in.
Bracing diagonal............... 1x4 in............. 1x4 in............ 1x4 in............ 2x4 in.
Tie-ins........................ 1x4 in............. 1x4 in............ 1x4 in............ 1x4 in.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note: All members except planking are used on edge. All wood bearers shall be reinforced with \3/16\x2 inch
steel strip, or the equivalent, secured to the lower edges for the entire length of the bearer.
Independent Wood Pole Scaffolds
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Light duty up to 20 Light duty up to Medium duty up to Heavy duty up to
feet high 60 feet high 60 feet high 60 feet high
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Maximum intended load.......... 25 lbs/ft\2\....... 25 lbs/ft\2\...... 50 lbs/ft\2\...... 75 lbs/ft\2\.
Poles or uprights.............. 2x4 in............. 4x4 in............ 4x4 in............ 4x4 in.
Maximum pole spacing 6 feet............. 10 feet........... 8 feet............ 6 feet.
(longitudinal).
Maximum (transverse)........... 6 feet............. 10 feet........... 8 feet............ 8 feet.
Runners........................ 1\1/4\x4 in........ 1\1/4\x9 in....... 2x10 in........... 2x10 in.
Bearers and maximum spacing of
bearers:
[[Page 298]]
3 feet..................... 2x4 in............. 2x4 in............ 2x10 in........... 2x10 in. (rough).
6 feet..................... 2x6 in. or 3x4 in.. 2x10 in. (rough) 2x10 in........... 2x10 in. (rough).
or 3x8 in.
8 feet..................... 2x6 in. or 3x4 in.. 2x10 in. (rough) 2x10 in........... ..................
or 3x8 in.
10 feet.................... 2x6 in. or 3x4 in.. 2x10 in. (rough) .................. ..................
or 3x3 in.
Planking....................... 1\1/4\x9 in........ 2x10 in........... 2x10 in........... 2x10 in.
Maximum vertical spacing of 7 feet............. 7 feet............ 6 feet............ 6 feet.
horizontal members.
Bracing horizontal............. 1x4 in............. 1x4 in............ 1x6 in. or 1\1/ 2x4 in.
4\x4 in.
Bracing diagonal............... 1x4 in............. 1x4 in............ 1x4 in............ 2x4 in.
Tie-ins........................ 1x4 in............. 1x4 in............ 1x4 in............ 1x4 in.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note: All members except planking are used on edge. All wood bearers shall be reinforced with \3/16\x2 inch
steel strip, or the equivalent, secured to the lower edges for the entire length of the bearer.
(b) Tube and coupler scaffolds.
Minimum Size of Members
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Light duty Medium duty Heavy duty
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Maximum intended load................ 25 lbs/ft\2\........... 50 lbs/ft\2\........... 75 lbs/ft\2\.
Posts, runners and braces............ Nominal 2 in. (1.90 Nominal 2 in. (1.90 Nominal 2 in. (1.90
inches) OD steel tube inches) OD steel tube inches) OD steel tube
or pipe. or pipe. or pipe.
Bearers.............................. Nominal 2 in. (1.90 Nominal 2 in. (1.90 Nominal 2\1/2\ in.
inches). inches). (2.375 in.).
OD steel tube or pipe OD steel tube or pipe OD steel tube or pipe
and a maximum post and a maximum post and a maximum post
spacing of 4 ft.x10 spacing of 4 ft.x7 ft. spacing of 6 ft.x6 ft.
ft.. or.
Nominal 2\1/2\ in.
(2.375 in.).
OD steel tube or pipe
and a maximum post
spacing of 6 ft.x8
ft.*.
Maximum runner spacing vertically.... 6 ft. 6 in............. 6 ft. 6 in............. 6 ft. 6 in.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* Bearers shall be installed in the direction of the shorter dimension.
Note: Longitudinal diagonal bracing shall be installed at an angle of 45[deg] (<plus-minus<ls-thn-eq>5[deg]).
Maximum Number of Planked Levels
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Maximum number of
additional planked levels Maximum
--------------------------- height of
Light Medium Heavy scaffold
duty duty duty (in feet)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Number of Working Levels:
1........................... 16 11 6 125
2........................... 11 1 0 125
3........................... 6 0 0 125
4........................... 1 0 0 125
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(c) Fabricated frame scaffolds. Because of their prefabricated
nature, no additional guidelines or tables for these scaffolds are being
adopted in this Appendix.
(d) Plasterers', decorators', and large area scaffolds. The
guidelines for pole scaffolds or tube and coupler scaffolds (Appendix A
(a) and (b)) may be applied.
(e) Bricklayers' square scaffolds.
Maximum intended load: 50 lb/ft.\2\*
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
* The squares shall be set not more than 8 feet apart for light duty
scaffolds and not more than 5 feet apart for medium duty scaffolds.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Maximum width: 5 ft.
Maximum height: 5 ft.
Gussets: 1 x 6 in.
Braces: 1 x 8 in.
Legs: 2 x 6 in.
[[Page 299]]
Bearers (horizontal members): 2 x 6 in.
(f) Horse scaffolds.
Maximum intended load (light duty): 25 lb/ft.\2\ **
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
** Horses shall be spaced not more than 8 feet apart for light duty
loads, and not more than 5 feet apart for medium duty loads.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Maximum intended load (medium duty): 50 lb/ft.\2\ **
Horizontal members or bearers:
Light duty: 2 x 4 in.
Medium duty: 3 x 4 in.
Legs: 2 x 4 in.
Longitudinal brace between legs: 1 x 6 in.
Gusset brace at top of legs: 1 x 8 in.
Half diagonal braces: 2 x 4 in.
(g) Form scaffolds and carpenters' bracket scaffolds.
(1) Brackets shall consist of a triangular-shaped frame made of wood
with a cross-section not less than 2 inches by 3 inches, or of 1\1/4\
inch x 1\1/4\ inch x \1/8\ inch structural angle iron.
(2) Bolts used to attach brackets to structures shall not be less
than \5/8\ inches in diameter.
(3) Maximum bracket spacing shall be 8 feet on centers.
(4) No more than two employees shall occupy any given 8 feet of a
bracket or form scaffold at any one time. Tools and materials shall not
exceed 75 pounds in addition to the occupancy.
(5) Wooden figure-four scaffolds:
Maximum intended load: 25 lb/ft.\2\
Uprights: 2 x 4 in. or 2 x 6 in.
Bearers (two): 1 x 6 in.
Braces: 1 x 6 in.
Maximum length of bearers (unsupported): 3 ft. 6 in.
(i) Outrigger bearers shall consist of two pieces of 1 x 6 inch
lumber nailed on opposite sides of the vertical support.
(ii) Bearers for wood figure-four brackets shall project not more
than 3 feet 6 inches from the outside of the form support, and shall be
braced and secured to prevent tipping or turning. The knee or angle
brace shall intersect the bearer at least 3 feet from the form at an
angle of approximately 45 degrees, and the lower end shall be nailed to
a vertical support.
(6) Metal bracket scaffolds:
Maximum intended load: 25 lb/ft.\2\
Uprights: 2 x 4 inch
Bearers: As designed.
Braces: As designed.
(7) Wood bracket scaffolds:
Maximum intended load: 25 lb/ft.\2\
Uprights: 2 x 4 in or 2 x 6 in
Bearers: 2 x 6 in
Maximum scaffold width: 3 ft 6 in
Braces: 1 x 6 in
(h) Roof bracket scaffolds. No specific guidelines or tables are
given.
(i) Outrigger scaffolds (single level). No specific guidelines or
tables are given.
(j) Pump jack scaffolds. Wood poles shall not exceed 30 feet in
height. Maximum intended load--500 lbs between poles; applied at the
center of the span. Not more than two employees shall be on a pump jack
scaffold at one time between any two supports. When 2 x 4's are spliced
together to make a 4 x 4 inch wood pole, they shall be spliced with ``10
penny'' common nails no more than 12 inches center to center, staggered
uniformly from the opposite outside edges.
(k) Ladder jack scaffolds. Maximum intended load--25 lb/ft\2\.
However, not more than two employees shall occupy any platform at any
one time. Maximum span between supports shall be 8 feet.
(l) Window jack scaffolds. Not more than one employee shall occupy a
window jack scaffold at any one time.
(m) Crawling boards (chicken ladders). Crawling boards shall be not
less than 10 inches wide and 1 inch thick, with cleats having a minimum
1 x 1\1/2\ inch cross-sectional area. The cleats shall be equal in
length to the width of the board and spaced at equal intervals not to
exceed 24 inches.
(n) Step, platform, and trestle ladder scaffolds. No additional
guidelines or tables are given.
(o) Single-point adjustable suspension scaffolds. Maximum intended
load--250 lbs. Wood seats for boatswains' chairs shall be not less than
1 inch thick if made of non-laminated wood, or \5/8\ inches thick if
made of marine quality plywood.
(p) Two-point adjustable suspension scaffolds. (1) In addition to
direct connections to buildings (except window cleaners' anchors)
acceptable ways to prevent scaffold sway include angulated roping and
static lines. Angulated roping is a system of platform suspension in
which the upper wire rope sheaves or suspension points are closer to the
plane of the building face than the corresponding attachment points on
the platform, thus causing the platform to press against the face of the
building. Static lines are separate ropes secured at their top and
bottom ends closer to the plane of the building face than the outermost
edge of the platform. By drawing the static line taut, the platform is
drawn against the face of the building.
(2) On suspension scaffolds designed for a working load of 500
pounds, no more than two employees shall be permitted on the scaffold at
one time. On suspension scaffolds with a working load of 750 pounds, no
more than three employees shall be permitted on the scaffold at one
time.
(3) Ladder-type platforms. The side stringer shall be of clear
straight-grained spruce. The rungs shall be of straight-grained oak,
[[Page 300]]
ash, or hickory, at least 1\1/8\ inches in diameter, with \7/8\ inch
tenons mortised into the side stringers at least \7/8\ inch. The
stringers shall be tied together with tie rods not less than \1/4\ inch
in diameter, passing through the stringers and riveted up tight against
washers on both ends. The flooring strips shall be spaced not more than
\5/8\ inch apart, except at the side rails where the space may be 1
inch. Ladder-type platforms shall be constructed in accordance with the
following table:
Schedule for Ladder-Type Platforms
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Length of Platform............... 12 feet.................. 14 & 16 feet............ 18 & 20 feet.
Side stringers, minimum cross
section (finished sizes):
At ends...................... 1\3/4\ x 2\3/4\ in....... 1\3/4\ x 2\3/4\ in...... 1\3/4\ x 3 in.
At middle.................... 1\3/4\ x 3\3/4\ in....... 1\3/4\ x 3\3/4\ in...... 1\3/4\ x 4 in.
Reinforcing strip (minimum)...... A \1/8\ x \7/8\ inch steel reinforcing strip shall be attached to the side or
underside, full length.
Rungs............................ Rungs shall be 1\1/8\ inch minimum diameter with at least \7/8\ inch in
diameter tenons, and the maximum spacing shall be 12 inches to center.
Tie rods:
Number (minimum)............. 3........................ 4....................... 4
Diameter (minimum)........... \1/4\ inch............... \1/4\ inch.............. \1/4\ inch
Flooring, minimum finished size.. \1/2\ x 2\3/4\ in........ \1/2\ x 2\3/4\ in....... \1/2\ x 2\3/4\ in.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Schedule for Ladder-Type Platforms
------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Length of Platform.......... 22 & 24 ft.......... 28 & 30 ft.
Side stringers, minimum
cross section (finished
sizes):
At ends................. 1\3/4\x3 in......... 1\3/4\ x 3\1/2\ in.
At middle............... 1\3/4\ x 4\1/4\ in.. 1\3/4\ x 5 in.
Reinforcing strip (minimum). A \1/8\ x \7/8\-inch steel reinforcing
strip shall be attached to the side or
underside, full length.
Rungs....................... Rungs shall be 1\1/8\ inch minimum
diameter with at least \7/8\ inch in
diameter tenons, and the maximum spacing
shall be 12 inches to center. Tie rods.
Number (minimum)........ 5................... 6.
Diameter (minimum)...... \1/4\ in............ \1/4\ in.
Flooring, minimum finished \1/2\ x 2\3/4\ in... \1/2\ x 2\3/4\ in.
size.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(4) Plank-Type Platforms. Plank-type platforms shall be composed of
not less than nominal 2 x 8 inch unspliced planks, connected together on
the underside with cleats at intervals not exceeding 4 feet, starting 6
inches from each end. A bar or other effective means shall be securely
fastened to the platform at each end to prevent the platform from
slipping off the hanger. The span between hangers for plank-type
platforms shall not exceed 10 feet.
(5) Beam-Type Platforms. Beam platforms shall have side stringers of
lumber not less than 2 x 6 inches set on edge. The span between hangers
shall not exceed 12 feet when beam platforms are used. The flooring
shall be supported on 2 x 6 inch cross beams, laid flat and set into the
upper edge of the stringers with a snug fit, at intervals of not more
than 4 feet, securely nailed to the cross beams. Floor-boards shall not
be spaced more than \1/2\ inch apart.
(q)(1) Multi-point adjustable suspension scaffolds and stonesetters'
multi-point adjustable suspension scaffolds. No specific guidelines or
tables are given for these scaffolds.
(2) Masons' multi-point adjustable suspension scaffolds. Maximum
intended load--50 lb/ft\2\. Each outrigger beam shall be at least a
standard 7 inch, 15.3 pound steel I-beam, at least 15 feet long. Such
beams shall not project more than 6 feet 6 inches beyond the bearing
point. Where the overhang exceeds 6
[[Page 301]]
feet 6 inches, outrigger beams shall be composed of stronger beams or
multiple beams.
(r) Catenary scaffolds. (1) Maximum intended load--500 lbs.
(2) Not more than two employees shall be permitted on the scaffold
at one time.
(3) Maximum capacity of come-along shall be 2,000 lbs.
(4) Vertical pickups shall be spaced not more than 50 feet apart.
(5) Ropes shall be equivalent in strength to at least \1/2\ inch
(1.3 cm) diameter improved plow steel wire rope.
(s) Float (ship) scaffolds. (1) Maximum intended load--750 lbs.
(2) Platforms shall be made of \3/4\ inch plywood, equivalent in
rating to American Plywood Association Grade B-B, Group I, Exterior.
(3) Bearers shall be made from 2x4 inch, or 1x10 inch rough lumber.
They shall be free of knots and other flaws.
(4) Ropes shall be equivalent in strength to at least 1 inch (2.5
cm) diameter first grade manila rope.
(t) Interior hung scaffolds.
Bearers (use on edge): 2x10 in.
Maximum intended load: Maximum span
25 lb/ft.\2\: 10 ft.
50 lb/ft.\2\: 10 ft.
75 lb/ft.\2\: 7 ft.
(u) Needle beam scaffolds.
Maximum intended load: 25 lb/ft.\2\
Beams: 4x6 in.
Maximum platform span: 8 ft.
Maximum beam span: 10 ft.
(1) Ropes shall be attached to the needle beams by a scaffold hitch
or an eye splice. The loose end of the rope shall be tied by a bowline
knot or by a round turn and a half hitch.
(2) Ropes shall be equivalent in strength to at least 1 inch (2.5
cm) diameter first grade manila rope.
(v) Multi-level suspension scaffolds. No additional guidelines or
tables are being given for these scaffolds.
(w) Mobile Scaffolds. Stability test as described in the ANSI A92
series documents, as appropriate for the type of scaffold, can be used
to establish stability for the purpose of Sec. 1926.452(w)(6).
(x) Repair bracket scaffolds. No additional guidelines or tables are
being given for these scaffolds.
(y) Stilts. No specific guidelines or tables are given.
(z) Tank builder's scaffold.
(1) The maximum distance between brackets to which scaffolding and
guardrail supports are attached shall be no more than 10 feet 6 inches.
(2) Not more than three employees shall occupy a 10 feet 6 inch span
of scaffold planking at any time.
(3) A taut wire or synthetic rope supported on the scaffold brackets
shall be installed at the scaffold plank level between the innermost
edge of the scaffold platform and the curved plate structure of the tank
shell to serve as a safety line in lieu of an inner guardrail assembly
where the space between the scaffold platform and the tank exceeds 12
inches (30.48 cm). In the event the open space on either side of the
rope exceeds 12 inches (30.48 cm), a second wire or synthetic rope
appropriately placed, or guardrails in accordance with Sec.
1926.451(e)(4), shall be installed in order to reduce that open space to
less than 12 inches (30.48 cm).
(4) Scaffold planks of rough full-dimensioned 2-inch (5.1 cm)x12-
inch (30.5 cm) Douglas Fir or Southern Yellow Pine of Select Structural
Grade shall be used. Douglas Fir planks shall have a fiber stress of at
least 1900 lb/in\2\ (130,929 n/cm\2\) and a modulus of elasticity of at
least 1,900,000 lb/in\2\ (130,929,000 n/cm\2\), while Yellow Pine planks
shall have a fiber stress of at least 2500 lb/in\2\ (172,275 n/cm\2\)
and a modulus of elasticity of at least 2,000,000 lb/in\2\ (137,820,000
n/cm\2\).
(5) Guardrails shall be constructed of a taut wire or synthetic
rope, and shall be supported by angle irons attached to brackets welded
to the steel plates. These guardrails shall comply with Sec.
1926.451(e)(4). Guardrail supports shall be located at no greater than
10 feet 6 inch intervals.
(Non-mandatory) Appendix B to Subpart L of Part 1926--Criteria for
Determining the Feasibility of Providing Safe Access and Fall Protection
for Scaffold Erectors and Dismantlers [Reserved]
(Non-mandatory) Appendix C to Subpart L of Part 1926--List of National
Consensus Standards
ANSI/SIA A92.2-1990 Vehicle-Mounted Elevating and Rotating Aerial
Devices
ANSI/SIA A92.3-1990 Manually Propelled Elevating Aerial Platforms
ANSI/SIA A92.5-1990 Boom Supported Elevating Work Platforms
ANSI/SIA A92.6-1990 Self-Propelled Elevating Work Platforms
ANSI/SIA A92.7-1990 Airline Ground Support Vehicle-Mounted Vertical Lift
Devices
ANSI/SIA A92.8-1993 Vehicle-Mounted Bridge Inspection and Maintenance
Devices
ANSI/SIA A92.9-1993 Mast-Climbing Work Platforms
[[Page 302]]
(Non-mandatory) Appendix D to Subpart L--List of Training Topics for
Scaffold Erectors and Dismantlers
This Appendix D is provided to serve as a guide to assist employers
when evaluating the training needs of employees erecting or dismantling
supported scaffolds.
The Agency believes that employees erecting or dismantling scaffolds
should be trained in the following topics:
<bullet<ls-thn-eq> General Overview of Scaffolding
<bullet<ls-thn-eq> regulations and standards
<bullet<ls-thn-eq> erection/dismantling planning
<bullet<ls-thn-eq> PPE and proper procedures
<bullet<ls-thn-eq> fall protection
<bullet<ls-thn-eq> materials handling
<bullet<ls-thn-eq> access
<bullet<ls-thn-eq> working platforms
<bullet<ls-thn-eq> foundations
<bullet<ls-thn-eq> guys, ties and braces
<bullet<ls-thn-eq> Tubular Welded Frame Scaffolds
<bullet<ls-thn-eq> specific regulations and standards
<bullet<ls-thn-eq> components
<bullet<ls-thn-eq> parts inspection
<bullet<ls-thn-eq> erection/dismantling planning
<bullet<ls-thn-eq> guys, ties and braces
<bullet<ls-thn-eq> fall protection
<bullet<ls-thn-eq> general safety
<bullet<ls-thn-eq> access and platforms
<bullet<ls-thn-eq> erection/dismantling procedures
<bullet<ls-thn-eq> rolling scaffold assembly
<bullet<ls-thn-eq> putlogs
<bullet<ls-thn-eq> Tube and Clamp Scaffolds
<bullet<ls-thn-eq> specific regulations and standards
<bullet<ls-thn-eq> components
<bullet<ls-thn-eq> parts inspection
<bullet<ls-thn-eq> erection/dismantling planning
<bullet<ls-thn-eq> guys, ties and braces
<bullet<ls-thn-eq> fall protection
<bullet<ls-thn-eq> general safety
<bullet<ls-thn-eq> access and platforms
<bullet<ls-thn-eq> erection/dismantling procedures
<bullet<ls-thn-eq> buttresses, cantilevers, & bridges
<bullet<ls-thn-eq> System Scaffolds
<bullet<ls-thn-eq> specific regulations and standards
<bullet<ls-thn-eq> components
<bullet<ls-thn-eq> parts inspection
<bullet<ls-thn-eq> erection/dismantling planning
<bullet<ls-thn-eq> guys, ties and braces
<bullet<ls-thn-eq> fall protection
<bullet<ls-thn-eq> general safety
<bullet<ls-thn-eq> access and platforms
<bullet<ls-thn-eq> erection/dismantling procedures
<bullet<ls-thn-eq> buttresses, cantilevers, & bridges
Scaffold erectors and dismantlers should all receive the general
overview, and, in addition, specific training for the type of supported
scaffold being erected or dismantled.
(Non-mandatory) Appendix E to Subpart L--Drawings and Illustrations
This Appendix provides drawings of particular types of scaffolds and
scaffold components, and graphic illustrations of bracing patterns and
tie spacing patterns.
This Appendix is intended to provide visual guidance to assist the
user in complying with the requirements of subpart L, part 1926.
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[61 FR 46122, Aug. 30, 1996; 61 FR 59832, Nov. 25, 1996]
